Effect of Selected Beta‐Blockers on Supragingival Calculus Formation

Breuer, M. M.; Mboya, Susan A.; Moroi, Hidetada; Turesky, Samuel

doi:10.1902/jop.1996.67.4.428

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Some types of medication may in-fluence supragingival calculus deposition (Sutton & Smales 1983, Turesky et al 1992. In particular, b-blocking agents are reported to be associated with decreased levels of supragingival calculus (Breuer et al 1996). Medication was therefore introduced as a possible confounder in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Supragingival calculus may vary in quantity as a function of age, oral hygiene standard, dental care attendance and possibly diet (Schroeder 1969, Gaare et al 1989, White 1997. Certain medications, such as immunosuppressants and tranquilizers, may influence its oc-currence and quantity (Sutton & Smales 1983, Turesky et al 1992, Breuer et al 1996. Whether or not tobacco smoking exerts an influence on the occurrence and severity of supragingival calculus has received but little attention and available results are equivocal.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Tobacco smoking and supragingival dental calculus

Bergström

1999

J Clinic Periodontology

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Supragingival calculus is frequent in all ages from adolescence to old age. The influence of tobacco smoking on the occurrence and severity of supragingival calculus has received surprisingly little attention. The present investigation conducted in a population of 258 dentally aware individuals in the age range 20-69 years, was initiated to elucidate the relationship between tobacco smoking and supragingival calculus, taking into account possible confounding factors such as age, gender, oral hygiene and gingival inflammation. The calculus deposition was bilaterally assessed on the lingual surfaces of the mandibular anteriors and the vestibular surfaces of the maxillary premolars and molars. The overall prevalence of supragingival calculus was 69% ranging from 59% in age group 20-34 years to 84% in age group 50-69 years. The prevalence rates for current smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers were 86%, 66%, and 65%. The differences between smoking groups were statistically significant (p<0.05). The influence of smoking was independent of age, plaque and gingival inflammation. In former smokers who had stopped smoking in the distant past, the occurrence and severity of supragingival calculus were very close to those in individuals who had never smoked, suggesting that the effect of smoking is reversible. The observations indicate a strong and independent association between tobacco smoking and supragingival calculus deposition. The avoidance of excess deposition of supragingival calculus, therefore, is a further argument for reducing smoking in the population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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confidence: 99%

Tobacco smoking and supragingival dental calculus

Bergström

1999

J Clinic Periodontology

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“…In a study of calculus inhibition by beta-blocker drugs, Breuer et al [33] found that a group of adults who regularly used such medication had significantly less calculus than a control group of similar age range who took no medication. Of interest, the prevalence of root caries in the former group was higher than in the latter group, consistent with an inverse relationship between the two conditions.…”

Section: Other Published Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Relationship between Calculus and Caries

Duckworth

Huntington²

2005

Monographs in Oral Science

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From a mechanistic viewpoint it is reasonable to anticipate an inverse clinical relationship between calculus and caries. Calculus formation is essentially a mineralisation process. The development of a caries lesion is the result of the net demineralisation of tooth enamel by plaque acid. These processes both involve crystalline calcium phosphate phases in contact with liquid, saliva and/or plaque fluid, containing their constituent ions. The oral environment also contains other salivary constituents and bacteria, which either inhibit or promote crystal growth or dissolution.An inverse relationship would mean that the absence of calculus could be a useful predictor of caries. Historically, however, any calculus-caries relationship has often been obscured by other factors. Firstly, the prevalence of both calculus and caries increases with increasing age [1, 2] and, second, both conditions are expected to correlate positively with poor oral hygiene [3][4][5]. These trends could be the reason why Schroeder [1] found no consistent relationship between clinical observations of calculus and caries experience in the first major review of the topic.The main purpose of this chapter is to review data from several clinical trials sponsored by Unilever, in which both caries and supra-gingival calculus were assessed concomitantly, in order to assess the strength of any empirical relationship between the two conditions. These data are presented in the following section 1.2, together with the results of other relevant published studies. To provide background information against which to judge the findings derived from the clinical data, calculus formation and caries are then briefly described Chapter 1

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“…Regardless of scoring indices used, it is clear that calculus levels observed within populations are affected by numerous variables. These include, for example, subject age (36-42, 43-44) gender (38,42,44), ethnic background and diet (1, 36,38,[45][46][47], oral hygiene {43-44,48-50), access to (and time since) last professional cleaning (42,(43)(44)(48)(49)(50) the presence of mental or physical handicaps (51), diabetes (52) and use of commonly prescribed medications (53)(54).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Calculusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental calculus: recent insights into occurrence, formation, prevention, removal and oral health effects of supragingival and subgingival deposits

White

1997

European J Oral Sciences

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Dental calculus, both supra- and subgingival occurs in the majority of adults worldwide. Dental calculus is calcified dental plaque, composed primarily of calcium phosphate mineral salts deposited between and within remnants of formerly viable microorganisms. A viable dental plaque covers mineralized calculus deposits. Levels of calculus and location of formation are population specific and are affected by oral hygiene habits, access to professional care, diet, age, ethnic origin, time since last dental cleaning, systemic disease and the use of prescription medications. In populations that practice regular oral hygiene and with access to regular professional care, supragingival dental calculus formation is restricted to tooth surfaces adjacent to the salivary ducts. Levels of supragingival calculus in these populations is minor and the calculus has little if any impact on oral-health. Subgingival calculus formation in these populations occurs coincident with periodontal disease (although the calculus itself appears to have little impact on attachment loss), the latter being correlated with dental plaque. In populations that do not practice regular hygiene and that do not have access to professional care, supragingival calculus occurs throughout the dentition and the extent of calculus formation can be extreme. In these populations, supragingival calculus is associated with the promotion of gingival recession. Subgingival calculus, in "low hygiene" populations, is extensive and is directly correlated with enhanced periodontal attachment loss. Despite extensive research, a complete understanding of the etiologic significance of subgingival calculus to periodontal disease remains elusive, due to inability to clearly differentiate effects of calculus versus "plaque on calculus". As a result, we are not entirely sure whether subgingival calculus is the cause or result of periodontal inflammation. Research suggests that subgingival calculus, at a minimum, may expand the radius of plaque induced periodontal injury. Removal of subgingival plaque and calculus remains the cornerstone of periodontal therapy. Calculus formation is the result of petrification of dental plaque biofilm, with mineral ions provided by bathing saliva or crevicular fluids. Supragingival calculus formation can be controlled by chemical mineralization inhibitors, applied in toothpastes or mouthrinses. These agents act to delay plaque calcification, keeping deposits in an amorphous non-hardened state to facilitate removal with regular hygiene. Clinical efficacy for these agents is typically assessed as the reduction in tartar area coverage on the teeth between dental cleaning. Research shows that topically applied mineralization inhibitors can also influence adhesion and hardness of calculus deposits on the tooth surface, facilitating removal. Future research in calculus may include the development of improved supragingival tartar control formulations, the development of treatments for the prevention of subgingival calculus formation, the development ...

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Effect of Selected Beta‐Blockers on Supragingival Calculus Formation

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Tobacco smoking and supragingival dental calculus

Tobacco smoking and supragingival dental calculus

On the Relationship between Calculus and Caries

Dental calculus: recent insights into occurrence, formation, prevention, removal and oral health effects of supragingival and subgingival deposits

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