Tobacco smoking and supragingival dental calculus

Abstract

Supragingival calculus is frequent in all ages from adolescence to old age. The influence of tobacco smoking on the occurrence and severity of supragingival calculus has received surprisingly little attention. The present investigation conducted in a population of 258 dentally aware individuals in the age range 20-69 years, was initiated to elucidate the relationship between tobacco smoking and supragingival calculus, taking into account possible confounding factors such as age, gender, oral hygiene and gingival inflammation. The calculus deposition was bilaterally assessed on the lingual surfaces of the mandibular anteriors and the vestibular surfaces of the maxillary premolars and molars. The overall prevalence of supragingival calculus was 69% ranging from 59% in age group 20-34 years to 84% in age group 50-69 years. The prevalence rates for current smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers were 86%, 66%, and 65%. The differences between smoking groups were statistically significant (p<0.05). The influence of smoking was independent of age, plaque and gingival inflammation. In former smokers who had stopped smoking in the distant past, the occurrence and severity of supragingival calculus were very close to those in individuals who had never smoked, suggesting that the effect of smoking is reversible. The observations indicate a strong and independent association between tobacco smoking and supragingival calculus deposition. The avoidance of excess deposition of supragingival calculus, therefore, is a further argument for reducing smoking in the population.

Prevalence of Gingival Recession and its Relationship to Past Orthodontic Treatment in Nepalese Young Adults

“…18,19,21 It was suggested that the combination of smoking and supragingival calculus was associated with localized and generalized gingival recession, and smoking may be a risk factor for gingival recession in adults with minimal periodontal destruction. 27 However, it was not supported by a study done by Muller et al 28 and explained that the smoking status was not identified as a risk factor for the development of gingival recession. 29 In the present study, the prevalence of gingival recession was associated with past orthodontic treatment.…”

Poor patient awareness of the relationship between smoking and periodontal diseases

“…Increased calculus deposition has been noted in smokers 32 and this in itself has been blamed for increased risk of periodontitis due to its plaque retaining features. It has been noted that attachment loss is usually more severe in the maxillary palatal regions.…”

Effects of Nicotine on Streptococcus gordonii Growth, Biofilm Formation, and Cell Aggregation

“…Smokers have more supra-and subgingival calculus than nonsmokers (1,2), and smoking is ranked after diabetes mellitus as the second highest risk factor for periodontal diseases (3). Generally, smokers usually have more calculus deposit than nonsmokers, and the calculus from smokers is stiffer and more tightly attached to teeth than that from nonsmokers.…”