Effect of Semen Extenders and Storage Time on Sperm Morphology of Four Chicken Breeds

Siudzińska, Anna; Łukaszewicz, Ewa

doi:10.3382/japr.2007-00048

Cited by 69 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…To what extend the shallow implantation fossa typical for emu sperm and also reported in ostrich sperm [10], may be a predisposing factor in causing this defect, remains unknown. Sperm with bent necks [17,41], also referred to as crooked-necked [42] or broken-necked sperm [43], have been reported in poultry and other avian species and bear some morphological similarity on LM to the disjointed sperm seen in this study. However, crooked-necked sperm appear to be an acute form of midpiece bending and are not associated with discrete separation of the head and midpiece.…”

Section: Tail Defectsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…However this should not invalidate the category of acrosome defects when studying ratite sperm as they may very well occur in this group of birds. Likewise, the 'Dag' defect identified by Bertschinger et al [6] in ostrich semen is not specifically identified in other avian studies as a subdivision of either mid-piece or tail abnormalities, although tail coiling has been described [18,35,41]. Again, ultrastructural studies will be required to reveal the specific structural peculiarities that would define a particular form of tail coiling as the 'Dag' defect.…”

Section: Cytoplasmic Dropletsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Although criticism of some of the above classification systems has been expressed, each relies on the identification of specific sperm abnormalities and each presents a detailed list of observable anomalies, most of which have been thoroughly described by light microscopy supported by numerous ultrastructural studies. In contrast, the morphological classification of avian sperm abnormalities lacks uniformity and although the presence of abnormal sperm has been reported in a variety of bird species [17,21,26,27,28,35,41,57], the anomalies are described in broad and variable terms which makes it difficult to draw meaningful comparisons. The lack of detailed descriptions of avian sperm abnormalities is compounded, with few exceptions [19,22,29,30,31], by a dearth of supportive ultrastructural data.…”

Section: Cytoplasmic Dropletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidence, structure and morphological classification of abnormal sperm in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Plessis

Soley

2011

Theriogenology

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Little detailed information is currently available on the incidence and morphological characteristics of abnormal sperm in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and of ratites in general. This situation is further compounded by the lack of a uniform system for the morphological classification of avian sperm defects. Considering the important role that sperm morphology plays in the assessment of semen quality, a detailed description of avian sperm defects is of paramount importance. Based on morphological data provided by light and electron microscopy, a mean of 17.3% abnormal sperm was recorded in semen samples collected from the distal deferent duct of four adult emus during the middle of the breeding season. Four categories of defects were identified. Head defects (57.2% of total defects) consisted of bent heads, macrocephalic heads, round heads and acephalic sperm. Zones of incomplete chromatin condensation and retained cytoplasmic droplets appeared to be implicated in head bending, while giant heads were often associated with multiple tails. Acephalic sperm revealed a complete tail devoid of a head which was replaced by a small spherical structure. Tail defects (22.6% of total defects) were subdivided into neck/midpiece defects and principal piece defects. In the neck/midpiece region disjointed sperm were the exclusive defect noted and were characterized by the complete separation of the head and midpiece in the neck region but within the confines of the plasmalemma. Defects observed in the principal piece were subdivided into short tails, coiled tails and multiple tails. No conclusive evidence was obtained that tail coiling represented the 'Dag' defect. Biflagellate sperm were the most common form of multiple tails, demonstrating two complete tails with all the normal structural elements. Cytoplasmic droplets (13.9% of total defects) were classified as a separate defect. The location and eccentric positioning of retained cytoplasmic droplets was similar to that described in ostrich sperm although the composition of the droplets differed markedly between the two species. A small percentage of sperm (6.3% of total sperm defects) displayed multiple abnormalities. Based on these findings we propose a morphological classification for abnormal ratite sperm identifying head and tail defects, with additional categories for cytoplasmic droplets and multiple defects. Each category is further subdivided to reflect a range of specific defects within the category. It is envisaged that additional defects will be added to each category or that new categories may be added as future studies on the detailed morphology of avian sperm defects are completed.

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Section: Tail Defectsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Cytoplasmic Dropletsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Cytoplasmic Dropletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidence, structure and morphological classification of abnormal sperm in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Plessis

Soley

2011

Theriogenology

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“…This is the first morphological evidence of any form of head (head-base bending) or neck (disjointed sperm) "bending" taking place in the avian testis. Despite numerous publications on "bent" or "crooked-necked" sperm [2,4,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]23,26] in birds, no information on the origin of this defect has been presented. Both defects could conceivably also develop in the ductus deferens due to a combination of inherent and external factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This description was later extended to include the proximal part of the principal piece and further defined as an acute flexion of the tail bringing it adjacent and parallel to the head [12]. This anomaly was particularly evident in sperm subjected to adverse osmotic conditions, temperature variations and different storage times [2,4,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Earlier literature referred specifically to bent necks where the head was typically observed to lie back along the tail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head-base bending and disjointed spermatozoa in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae): A morphological comparison of two closely related defects

Plessis

Soley

2011

Theriogenology

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The accurate assessment of avian sperm abnormalities is hampered by a lack of descriptive data and by the confusing terminology currently in use. Critical appraisal of semen samples from the distal ductus deferens of the emu revealed that two closely related yet separate (distinct) defects previously collectively referred to as "bent sperm" or "crooked-necked sperm" could be identified by light and electron microscopy. Head-base bending typically involved a 180° bend at the base of the nucleus which placed the head and midpiece into close apposition and parallel to each other. No part of the neck or midpiece was involved and bending was restricted exclusively to the base of the nucleus. Incomplete chromatin condensation was always associated with the bend. Disjointed sperm, which superficially resembled "bent" sperm, showed complete separation of the neck from 2 the head-base at the level of the connecting piece. All structural elements of the neck region appeared normal. In both defects the region of contact between the head (nucleus) and the neck/midpiece was enclosed as a unit by the plasmalemma. Both defects were observed to originate in the testis; however, their subsequent expression in the ductus deferens cannot be ruled out. These results confirm that head-base bending of emu sperm represents a head defect, whereas disjointed sperm should be classified as a tail (neck/midpiece) defect.

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Short-term storage and cryopreservation of black grouse Tetrao tetrix and capercaillie T. urogallus semen

et al. 2010

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Assisted reproductive technologies can be an important part of programs directed for maintenance and protection of genetic variability. The objective of this study was to develop methods for liquid storage and cryopreservation of semen capercaillie and black grouse semen. Our results provide for the first time evidence for successful short-term storage and cryopreservation of capercaillie and black grouse semen using criteria of sperm motility characteristics as quality indices. Sperm motility could be protected up to 48 h liquid storage; however, 24-h storage should be preferable. Cryopreservation secured 40-60% post-thaw motility (as compared with control), both for freshly collected and 24-h-stored semen. In conclusion, a procedure for short-term and cryopreservation of capercaillie and black grouse semen are now available. These assisted reproductive technologies can be implemented into captive breeding programs for these species.

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Effect of Semen Extenders and Storage Time on Sperm Morphology of Four Chicken Breeds

Cited by 69 publications

References 27 publications

Incidence, structure and morphological classification of abnormal sperm in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Incidence, structure and morphological classification of abnormal sperm in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Head-base bending and disjointed spermatozoa in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae): A morphological comparison of two closely related defects

Short-term storage and cryopreservation of black grouse Tetrao tetrix and capercaillie T. urogallus semen

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