Effect of Simultaneous Administration of Growth Complex and Estradiol on Mammary Gland of Hypophysectomized Rat

Nathanson, Ira T.; Shaw, Diana V.; Franseen, Clifford C.

doi:10.3181/00379727-42-11007

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Generally, the glands undergo isometric growth until puberty. At puberty, the glands undergo allometric growth characterized by ductal elongation driven primarily by estrogens, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) (11)(12)(13)(14). Ductal growth occurs at special germinal tips (terminal end buds), with dichotomous branching at regular intervals controlled by morphogen gradients (especially transforming growth factor-b) (15).…”

Section: Development Of the Mammary Glandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonin: A Local Regulator in the Mammary Gland Epithelium

Horseman

Collier

2014

Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci.

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Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a very simple molecule that plays key roles in complex communication mechanisms within the animal body. In the mammary glands, serotonin biosynthesis and secretion are induced in response to dilation of the alveolar spaces. Since its discovery several years ago, mammary 5-HT has been demonstrated to perform two homeostatic functions. First, serotonin regulates lactation and initiates the transition into the earliest phases of involution. Second, serotonin is a local signal that induces parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), which allows the mammary gland to drive the mobilization of calcium from the skeleton. These processes use different receptor types, 5-HT7 and 5-HT2, respectively. In this review, we provide synthetic perspectives on the fundamental processes of lactation homeostasis and the adaptation of calcium homeostasis for lactation. We analyze the role of the intrinsic serotonin system in the physiological regulation of the mammary glands. We also consider the importance of the mammary serotonin system in pathologies and therapies associated with lactation and breast cancer.

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Section: Development Of the Mammary Glandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonin: A Local Regulator in the Mammary Gland Epithelium

Horseman

Collier

2014

Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci.

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“…When the pituitary glands of 12 sexually immature monkeys were removed, E2-induced mammary development was significantly blunted. Thus it appears that primates resemble lower mammals (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) (28)(29)(30). On the other hand, if prolactin is mammogenic, the function of the pituitary gland in mammary mitogenesis must be more complicated than previously thought.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Doubts about the relationship of the pituitary to human breast cancer have raised questions about the relationship of the pituitary gland to normal mammary mitogenesis in primates, a subject which has not been addressed. Previous well-designed studies in lower mammals have led many to assume that the process of mammary development in primates is a relatively uncomplicated one in which prolactin and growth hormone synergize with estrogen and other hormones to induce full mammary development (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primate mammary development. Effects of hypophysectomy, prolactin inhibition, and growth hormone administration.

Kleinberg¹,

Niemann²,

Flamm³

et al. 1985

J. Clin. Invest.

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The pituitary gland has been found to be an important factor in mammary development in primates. Hypophysectomy in 12 sexually immature monkeys caused significant inhibition of estradiol (E2)-induced mammary growth and development. A histological index of mammary development in sexually immature hypophysectomized animals was lower (0.82) than in intact E2-treated controls (3.4; P < 0.008). Hypophysectomy also inhibited growth of the mammary gland as judged by a size index. Despite the hypophysectomy, E2 stimulated some, albeit blunted, mammary growth and development, which may have been due to incomplete hypophysectomy.Selective inhibition of prolactin by ergot drugs in intact animals did not prevent full mammary development, suggesting that there may be pituitary mammogens other than prolactin, or that very low or unmeasurable concentrations of prolactin were sufficient to synergize with E2 to cause full acinar development. The mean histological index was 3.08 in E2-treated animals and 3.16 in animals treated with E2 plus pergolide. There was also no difference in the size of the glands.We evaluated the effect of growth hormone on mammary development by treating three hypophysectomized animals with pure 22,000 mol wt human growth hormone (hGH) (Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA). We found that physiological or slightly supraphysiological concentrations of hGH in animals with unmeasurable prolactin were incapable of restoring the capacity of E2 to induce full mammary growth. These findings suggest that, if growth hormone is a mammary mitogen, that physiological concentrations are insufficient to synergize with E2 to induce full mammary growth or that other forms of hGH are mammogenic.Our studies suggest that the role of the pituitary gland in mammary mitogenesis in primates is more complicated than previously thought. They also raise the possibility that heretofore unidentified pituitary substances may be mammogenic.

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“…The fact that the body-growth hormone of the pituitary may be a limiting factor in the development of the mammae under oestrogenic treatment has been suggested by Nathanson et al (79), who found that when oestradiol benzoate was given alone to a group of hypophysectomized rats, almost complete atrophy of the mammary glands resulted. When, however, the growth hormone was given in addition, out of twenty-four animals eight increased in weight and showed marked development of the mammae, six showed no increase in weight and only moderate mammary development, while the remaining ten which lost weight showed either atrophy or very poor development.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

Section A. Physiology of Dairy Cattle

Smith

1941

Journal of Dairy Research

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More recent figures which are available for Finland (2) suggest that in that country over 36% of the cattle culled from dairy herds, whether of the Ayrshire or local breeds, are rejected for this same reason. Since much of the sterility in the bovine is functional rather than pathological, it is natural that the physiological aspects of a subject, so all-important to the dairy farmer, should continue to be studied in many research schools. For a clear and concise account of recent advances in this direction, reference should be made to a paper read by Hammond (3) at the Annual Congress of the National Veterinary Medical Association. The paper was very fully discussed by a number of prominent authorities and details of the discussion are published. Various factors, such as inadequate exercise, anatomical and functional hypertrophy of the mammary gland, hormone control and nutrition, were debated. For an excellent guide to present-day knowledge on the subject of nutrition as it affects fertility and reproduction, the reader should refer to an article by Crowther (4) in which the requirements of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals are lucidly discussed. The subject-matter is presented in a way which will be of much value to those interested in the practical aspects of animal husbandry. General articles have also appeared on the same subject by Campbell(5, 6), and by Mclntosh(7, 8). The latter deals particularly with diets deficient in phosphorus and vitamin A. The results of original work carried out during the past few years on the feeding of cattle in connexion with reproduction have been published recently by a number of authors. Smirnov-Ugrjumov & Laptev (9,10) report that liberal supplies of green foods and protein, particularly protein of animal origin, such as that contained in blood meal or skimmed milk, are most efficacious in increasing sexual activity and spermatogenesis in bulls. One reason for the value of green foods in this direction may be their content of vitamin C. The essential nature of this vitamin for fertility in the bull has been investigated by Phillips & Lardy(ii), who claim that lost fertility could frequently be restored by subcutaneous injection of ascorbic acid. They found that potent bull semen normally contains 1-5-3-5 mg. of this vitamin per 100 ml., and that values below 1 mg. and greater than i mg. were associated with very poor fertility and most unreliable breeding records. Owing to the importance of vitamin E for reproduction in some species it is natural that this factor should also be studied in connexion with bovine fertility. The view is generally held, however, that although vitamin E is probably an essential food factor for normal reproduction in farm animals, it is never likely to be of importance in actual practice, since it is so prevalent in much of the food normally fed on the farm. A paper by Underbjerg et al. (12) confirms this view in regard to the dairy goat. A general discussion on sterility as it is affected by such factors as climate, nutrition and endocrino...

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Effect of Simultaneous Administration of Growth Complex and Estradiol on Mammary Gland of Hypophysectomized Rat

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Serotonin: A Local Regulator in the Mammary Gland Epithelium

Serotonin: A Local Regulator in the Mammary Gland Epithelium

Primate mammary development. Effects of hypophysectomy, prolactin inhibition, and growth hormone administration.

Section A. Physiology of Dairy Cattle

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