“…One unique property of the SWT damage parameter is that, for a given fatigue life in cycles, the damage parameter is equal to the damage parameter under fully reversed loading conditions for the same fatigue life (Manson & Halford, 1981). The SWT model has successfully been applied to grey cast iron (Fash & Socie, 1982), hardened carbon (Fash & Socie, 1982;Koh & Stephens, 1991), and micro-alloyed steels (Bassindale et al, 2020;Colin et al, 2010;Farsetti & Blarasin, 1988), however it has demonstrated inaccuracies compared to other models when applied to AISI 4340 in the high-cycle fatigue regime (Badr & Ishak, 2021). One additional shortcoming of the SWT model is the inability to predict the effect of mean stresses on fatigue life when the maximum stress in a load cycle is compressive.…”