“…Keywords: Bovine Bone, Hydroxyapatite, Calcination, Characterizations, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, ceramic is broadly applied as bone fillers, bone tissue scaffolds, bioactive coatings and composites owing to its excellent biocompatibility, cytocompatibility and osteoconductivity [4,5]. However, it is important to annotate that native bone HAP differs from stoichiometric HAP in a number of ways because natural HAP is non-stoichiometric and have nanosized crystal dimensions [6].…”