Effect of Smoking on Periodontal Health

Visvanathan, Rahul; Mahendra, Jaideep; Ambalavanan, N; Pandisuba,; Chalini,

doi:10.7860/jcdr/2014/8359.4597

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 22 publications

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“…Smoking is a potential risk factor for various systemic diseases including periodontal disease. 15 , 16 Previous studies 16 , 17 demonstrated a significant biological plausibility on the relationship of smoking and periodontal disease. However, there is a gap in relation to dose response of smoking and periodontal disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic periodontitis and smoking Prevalence and dose-response relationship

Khan

Khalid

Awan

2016

SMJ

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Objectives:To determine the prevalence and dose-response relationship of chronic periodontitis among smokers in Pakistan.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study among participants seeking dental care in Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 443 participants with a mean age of 44.3 (±6.5) participated in the study from April 2011 to December 2011. Males comprised 64.7%, and females comprised 35.2%. Participants were interviewed on social demographics and oral habits. Participants with shallow pockets (3.5-5.5 mm) and deep pockets (>5.5 mm) were considered suffering from chronic periodontitis. The characteristics of participants were assessed using frequency distribution for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.Results:Among 443 participants, smokers were distributed as 55.1% and non-smokers as 44.9%. Smoking was found to be significantly related to young adults (p<0.007), male gender (p<0.001), and lower education level (p<0.01). Overall prevalence of chronic periodontitis among smokers was estimated at 81.6%. Heavy smoking was found to have significantly high prevalence (p<0.001) and severity (p<0.001) of periodontitis as compared with moderate and light smokers. The multivariate unadjusted model depicted 3.5 times higher risk of chronic periodontitis among smokers (p<0.001).Conclusion:Chronic periodontitis had a high prevalence among smokers. Heavy smoking was found to have a higher risk for having periodontitis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic periodontitis and smoking Prevalence and dose-response relationship

Khan

Khalid

Awan

2016

SMJ

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Smoking and Periodontal Health

Keşir

Olgun

2018

Curr Oral Health Rep

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Association of salivary Interleukin-6 levels in smokers with periodontitis

Ali,

Mohammed,

Al-Waeli

et al. 2024

J Bagh Coll Dent

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Background: Periodontal disease is caused by a combination of factors, with a plaque being the primary causative factor. Although periodontal bacteria play a significant contribution in the onset of periodontitis, the sustained inflammatory immune reaction, which is mostly directed by the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, is the primary component responsible for tissue damage associated with periodontitis. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine, and it is released by a variety of cell types. IL-6 is crucial in the processes that lead to periodontal disease and has also been linked to the migration of inflammatory cells. Smoking is a key potential factor for periodontal disorders and is associated with an increase in both the onset and severity of periodontitis, this studay aims to assess the association between smoking cigarettes and the salivary levels of IL-6 in patients with periodontitis in comparison to healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The sample population consisted of seventy-four males, and they were separated into four different groups: a clinically healthy periodontium non-smoker group (n=12), a clinically healthy periodontium smoker group (n=12), a periodontitis non-smoker group (n=25) and a periodontitis smoker group (n=25). All of the participants' saliva samples were taken, and then clinical periodontal parameters were looked at (plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level). Biochemical analysis with an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to find out how much IL-6 was in the saliva. Results: The levels of IL-6 were found to be greater in the periodontitis groups compared to the control groups and in the smoking groups compared to the non-smoking groups. Most periodontal measures correlated significantly with IL-6 concentration in the saliva.Conclusion: This research revealed that smokers (both with and without periodontitis) have higher amounts of IL-6 in their saliva than nonsmokers (both healthy and periodontitis). This shows that smoking cigarettes had a boosting effect on the levels of IL-6 in the saliva.

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Effect of Smoking on Periodontal Health

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Chronic periodontitis and smoking Prevalence and dose-response relationship

Chronic periodontitis and smoking Prevalence and dose-response relationship

Smoking and Periodontal Health

Association of salivary Interleukin-6 levels in smokers with periodontitis

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