Effect of spalled particles thermal degradation on a hypersonic flow field environment

A drag coefficient model for Lagrangian particle dynamics relevant to high-speed flows

“…The flow fields used in this study are determined using converged solutions of the aerothermodynamic computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code KATS. KATS is a laminar aerothermodynamics Navier-Stokes solver that uses a finite-volume approach with various modules [30,31,32,33] for simulating complex phenomena in ablation-related problems, including spallation studies [27,28,26,24]. The module KATS-CFD is used for computing compressible viscous flows including thermo-chemical nonequilibrium flows by solving the corresponding governing equations in the form…”

“…[39]. The coupling of the Lagrangian particle code and the hypersonic aerothermodynamic CFD code was developed in previous works, and used to study the effects of the flow field on the particles, and vice-versa [26,27,28].…”

“…The fibrous ablative materials that are used as a TPS in many space vehicles counter the high heat rates and have been observed to expel particles in a process referred to as "spallation" [19,20,21,22,23,24]. Experiments have found that this phenomenon is a non-negligible mechanism of surface degradation [25], and particles shed from the surface could introduce additional chemical species outside of the surface boundary layer [26]. Modeling the particle trajectories in these types of flows, however, is complicated by the potential for individual particles to experience flow regimes ranging from subsonic to hypersonic, within gases which can be rarefied or continuum.…”

Thermal Protection System and Thermal Management for Combined-Cycle Engine: Review and Prospects

“…In order to effectively simulate the aerodynamic interaction, the fully coupled conjugate heat transfer solver, US3D, was developed, which can be further applied to the geometrical shapes of two-dimensional and three-dimensional scramjets. Davuluri et al [183] focused on the impacts of thermal degradation of debris particles on hypersonic environments. Bidirectional coupling was carried out between spallation code and hypersonic aircrafts and the dynamic CFD solver was used to assess influences of fissure particles in the flow field.…”