This article shows how initial composition and thermal
treatment
of nonstoichiometric zinc ferrite nanoparticles (nZFN) can be chosen
to adjust the structure and cation distribution and enhance magnetism
in the resulting nanoscale material. It also provides insight into
new prospects regarding the production and design of nanoscale materials.
Investigations were conducted before and after heating of nZFN in
an inert atmosphere and a vacuum up to temperature of 1170 °C.
Annealing leads to partial reduction of Fe ions, enhanced magnetism,
and an increase in the size of the particles independent of the atmosphere.
Use of the inert atmosphere delivers a solid solution of magnetite
and zinc ferrite with a reduced Zn content in the structure as a result
of sublimation of newly formed ZnO and reduction of Fe, and it favors
crystallization. A preference for normal-spinel phase and enhancement
of magnetic saturation from 20 Am2/kg up to 101 Am2/kg was observed. Vacuum annealing with high probability produces
ZnO, Fe3O4, and Fe2O3 multiphase
system with signs of amorphization, mainly on the surface. A large
fraction of Fe ions is reduced and the volume ratio of Fe3O4 to Fe2O3 increases with heating
time. The final solid product from a complete decomposition of ZFN
is magnetite.