Effect of strategic administration of an encapsulated blend of formic acid, citric acid, and essential oils on Salmonella carriage, seroprevalence, and growth of finishing pigs

Walia, Kavita; Argüello, Héctor; Lynch, Helen; Leonard, Finola C.; Grant, Jim; Yearsley, Dermot; Kelly, Sinéad; Duffy, Geraldine; Gardiner, Gillian E.; Lawlor, Peadar G.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.007

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…For example, Li and co-workers demonstrated that the addition of encapsulated essential oils (thymol and cinnamaldehyde) improved feed intake and growth rate, reduced the incidence of diarrhoea and resulted in a positive modulation of microbial populations measured in the faeces, with a reduction of E. coli and an increase of Lactobacillus counts [ 38 ]. Similarly, addition of an essential oil to weaner pig diets showed evidence of a reduction in Salmonella faecal shedding and numbers of coliforms and Salmonella in cecal digesta [ 39 ], and administration of an encapsulated blend of formic acid, citric acid and essential oils [ 40 ] to finishing pigs for 28 days prior to slaughter reduced Salmonella seroprevalence and demonstrated potential for the prevention of Salmonella shedding. In addition, the inclusion of cinnamaldehyde with blended organic acids and a permeabilising agent in the diets of weaned pigs experimentally infected with ETEC was found to decrease faecal E. coli concentrations, with no effect on the concentration of faecal lactobacilli [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nisin in Combination with Cinnamaldehyde and EDTA to Control Growth of Escherichia coli Strains of Swine Origin

et al. 2017

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Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an economically important disease in pig production worldwide. Although antibiotics have contributed significantly to mitigate the economic losses caused by PWD, there is major concern over the increased incidence of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria isolated from pigs. Consequently, suitable alternatives that are safe and effective are urgently required. Many naturally occurring compounds, including the antimicrobial peptide nisin and a number of plant essential oils, have been widely studied and are reported to be effective as antimicrobial agents against pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we evaluate the potential of nisin in combination with the essential oil cinnamaldehyde and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to control the growth of E. coli strains of swine origin including two characterized as ETEC. The results reveal that the use of nisin (10 μM) with low concentrations of trans-cinnamaldehyde (125 μg/mL) and EDTA (0.25–2%) resulted in extended lag phases of growth compared to when either antimicrobial is used alone. Further analysis through kill curves revealed that an approximate 1-log reduction in E. coli cell counts was observed against the majority of targets tested following 3 h incubation. These results highlight the potential benefits of combining the natural antimicrobial nisin with trans-cinnamaldehyde and EDTA as a new approach for the inhibition of E. coli strains of swine origin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nisin in Combination with Cinnamaldehyde and EDTA to Control Growth of Escherichia coli Strains of Swine Origin

et al. 2017

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“…Moreover, the hydrophobicity of an essential oil is increased at low pH, enabling it to more easily pass through the lipids of the bacterial cell membrane ( Karatzas et al., 2001 ). In recent studies, the results have been clearly shown in vivo efficacy of such synergistic dietary strategies in pigs and poultry ( Diao et al., 2015 , Balasubramanian et al., 2016 , Walia et al., 2017 , Liu et al., 2017 ). The inclusion of essential oils blend with organic acids in pig diets before slaughter can hinder Salmonella shedding and seroprevalence ( Noirrit and Philippe, 2016 ; Walia et al., 2017 ).…”

Section: Antimicrobial Effects Of Essential Oilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are 3 major reasons: 1) one antibiotic alternative fail to cover all the performance-enhancing properties that antibiotics have; 2) there is a synergistic effect among different alternatives that will reduce effective dosages required to combat pathogens (e.g., organic acids and essential oils); and 3) an integrated approach should be taken to replace antibiotics, including nutrition, biosecurity and management rather than a supplementation of antibiotic alternatives alone ( Yang et al., 2015 ). Several recently published studies have shown that the combined use of different antibiotic alternatives had better effects on the performance and health of weaned pigs when compared with single compounds ( Zeng et al., 2015 , Walia et al., 2017 ). It is very important to understand the effects and mechanisms of action of various alternatives, which will help the design for more effective essential oils products to promote animal growth and improve feed efficiency in swine production.…”

Section: Considerations Of the Use Of Essential Oils In Swine Nutritimentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential oils as alternatives to antibiotics in swine production

et al. 2018

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This review article summarizes the efficacy, feasibility and potential mechanisms of the application of essential oils as antibiotic alternatives in swine production. Although there are numerous studies demonstrating that essential oils have several properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, feed palatability enhancement and improvement in gut growth and health, there is still a need of further investigations to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their functions. In the past, the results has been inconsistent in both laboratory and field studies because of the varied product compositions, dosages, purities and growing stages and conditions of animals. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oils needed for killing enteric pathogens may not ensure the optimal feed intake and the essential oils inclusion cost may be too high in swine production. With the lipophilic and volatile nature of essential oils, there is a challenge in effective delivery of essential oils within pig gut and this challenge can partially be resolved by microencapsulation and nanotechnology. The effects of essential oils on inflammation, oxidative stress, microbiome, gut chemosensing and bacterial quorum sensing (QS) have led to better production performance of animals fed essential oils in a number of studies. It has been demonstrated that essential oils have good potential as antibiotic alternatives in feeds for swine production. The combination of different essential oils and other compounds (synergistic effect) such as organic acids seems to be a promising approach to improve the efficacy and safety of essential oils in applications. High-throughput systems technologies have been developed recently, which will allow us to dissect the mechanisms underlying the functions of essential oils and facilitate the use of essential oils in swine production.

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“…Microencapsulation has two functions: (1) to enhance the oxidative stability, thermo stability, photo stability, shelf-life, and biological activity of phytogenic additives, including the essential oils [ 112 ]; and (2) to ensure their targeted delivery in feed to the lower intestine of animals [ 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 ]. The choice of an appropriate encapsulation technique, and carrier material and size depend upon processing and storage conditions, triggers and mechanisms of release, and the cost and scale of production.…”

Section: Microencapsulation Of Eos and Its Importance In Feed Addimentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Oils as Feed Additives—Future Perspectives

et al. 2018

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The inconsistency of phytogenic feed additives’ (PFA) effects on the livestock industry poses a risk for their use as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. The livestock market is being encouraged to use natural growth promotors, but information is limited about the PFA mode of action. The aim of this paper is to present the complexity of compounds present in essential oils (EOs) and factors that influence biological effects of PFA. In this paper, we highlight various controls and optimization parameters that influence the processes for the standardization of these products. The chemical composition of EOs depends on plant genetics, growth conditions, development stage at harvest, and processes of extracting active compounds. Their biological effects are further influenced by the interaction of phytochemicals and their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. PFA effects on animal health and production are also complex due to various EO antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing, anti-inflammatory, and digestive fluids stimulating activities. Research must focus on reliable methods to identify and control the quality and effects of EOs. In this study, we focused on available microencapsulation techniques of EOs to increase the bioavailability of active compounds, as well as their application in the animal feed additive industry.

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Effect of strategic administration of an encapsulated blend of formic acid, citric acid, and essential oils on Salmonella carriage, seroprevalence, and growth of finishing pigs

Cited by 31 publications

References 43 publications

Nisin in Combination with Cinnamaldehyde and EDTA to Control Growth of Escherichia coli Strains of Swine Origin

Nisin in Combination with Cinnamaldehyde and EDTA to Control Growth of Escherichia coli Strains of Swine Origin

Essential oils as alternatives to antibiotics in swine production

Essential Oils as Feed Additives—Future Perspectives

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