Effect of Strychnine on the Wulst EEG of Conscious Young and Adult Chickens

Ookawa, Takanori

doi:10.3382/ps.0530632

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…At concentrations as low as 0.6-0.8 nig/kg 1-day-old hatchlings begin to exhibit convulsions almost immediately after strychnine injection and these convulsions may last up to 45-60 min. This is comparable to the response seen in the adult chick en [63].…”

Section: Ontogeny Of Strychnine Sensitivity In the Chicksupporting

confidence: 72%

Ontogeny of Behavioral Sensitivity to Strychnine in the Chick Embryo: Evidence for the Early Onset of CNS Inhibition (Part 2 of 2)

Oppenheim¹,

Reitzel²

1975

Brain Behav Evol

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The development of behavioral sensitivity to strychnine has been studied in the chick embryo between day 7 of incubation and 1 day posthatching. The earliest response to systemically applied strychnine was a marked depression of spontaneous motility at high concentrations of the drug. Lower concentrations had no effect at this time (6–7 days). About 2 days later, on day 8½ or 9, strychnine induced a statistically reliable increase in spontaneous motility (hyperactivity). This consisted of a brief (i.e. 1–2 min) excitatory response which was followed by a return to baseline activity levels in the case of low drug concentrations, or a depression of activity in the case of higher concentrations. By 11 days of incubation the brief excitatory response following strychnine had increased in duration to about 4 min. This was also the case for 13-day embryos. At no time between 7 and 13 days were convulsions produced by strychnine, even at concentrations several times greater than that required to induce hyperactivity. For the first time at 16 days myoclonic convulsions were observed following strychnine. These usually began soon after the initial hyperactivity and frequently lasted for as long as 30 min. At the same time the sensitivity of the embryo to strychnine increased, compared to earlier stages. By 18 days strychnine most often induced an immediate convulsive response without the preceding brief hyperactivity. This was also typical of newly hatched chicks.The systemic application of glycine at 9 and 13 days of incubation produced a slight, but statistically reliable, depression of ongoing spontaneous motility, consistent with what one might expect if glycine were acting as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It typically took between 3 and 4 min following injection for this glycine response to occur.Biochemical, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical evidence was reviewed in an attempt to support the suggestion that the strychnine and glycine data summarized above may reflect the presence of strychnine-sensitive postsynaptic inhibitory processes in the chick spinal cord. Additionally, comparative data on the relative onset of excitatory and inhibitory processes in the developing spinal cord were discussed. It was concluded that, although the data are still incomplete concerning the question of whether, developmentally, inhibition is a primary or secondary acquisition, inhibitory mechanisms nevertheless appear rather early during vertebrate neurogenesis.

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Section: Ontogeny Of Strychnine Sensitivity In the Chicksupporting

confidence: 72%

Ontogeny of Behavioral Sensitivity to Strychnine in the Chick Embryo: Evidence for the Early Onset of CNS Inhibition (Part 2 of 2)

Oppenheim¹,

Reitzel²

1975

Brain Behav Evol

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“…Furthermore, an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5-1.0 mg./kg. strychnine nitrate produced convulsions in young chickens, aged 1 to 21 days (Ookawa, 1974). At higher intraperitoneal doses of 5-10 mg./kg.…”

Section: B Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In agreement with their observations, typical spikes in the cerebral EEG were not induced by intraperitoneal doses of 0.5-1.0 mg./kg. strychnine in young and adult chickens (Ookawa, 1974). However, typical strychnine spikes in the Wulst EEG could be elicited by intraperitoneal injection of 5-10 mg./kg.…”

Section: Sd Induced By Intravenous Metrazol Was Previously Demonstratmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In addition, strychnine spikes which are essentially similar to those observed in mammalian neocortex could be demonstrated in the Wulst EEG of conscious young chickens, 1-to 14-day-old, and adult chickens when high doses of 5-10 mg./kg. strychnine nitrate were injected intraperitoneally under artificial respiration (Ookawa, 1974).…”

Section: B Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, some investigators failed to obtain strychnine spikes in the cerebral hemisphere of the chicken when strychnine was injected systemically or applied topically. The discrepancy may have been due to the concentration of strychnine and to the technical differences (Ellingson and Rose, 1970;Ookawa, 1973bOokawa, , 1974. Furthermore, the seizure susceptibility in response to a systemically applied pharmacological stimulus (Metrazol) increased during phylogenetic development of vertebrates (Svorad, 1955), but evoking seizure by a systemically applied Metrazol in aves was not sufficiently examined (for review articles see Servi't, 1959Servi't, , 1962Servi't, , 1972.…”

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confidence: 94%

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Behavioral and Electroencephalographic Manifestations of Avian Epilepsy: A Review of the Literature

Ookawa

1977

Poultry Science

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Recently, electrophysiological studies on sleep and wakefulness in birds have yielded useful results. Furthermore, recent evidence obtained in behavioral and electroencephalographical investigations of epileptic birds, induced neuropharmacologically or genetically, have led to recognition of the fact that epileptic seizures are present in aves, and that these seizures reveal many similarities between mammalian and avian epilepsy. While the investigation of birds is of obvrious value for demonstrating the neuropharmacological interrelationship with the brain, comparison of the correlation between abnormal behavior and the electroencephalogram in birds and higher vertebrates requires further research. In the present paper, normal and abnormal electroencephalographic activity associated with behavior of birds is reviewed. It was concluded that birds provide a useful preparation for studying experimental epilepsy.

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Induction and suppression of aminosulfonic acid spikes in Wulst EEG of adult chickens.

Horisaka¹

1982

Journal of Pharmacobio-Dynamics

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In order to learn the effects of a series of aliphatic omega-aminosulfonic acids with varying numbers of carbon chains, changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of adult hen were investigated as the criteria. The drug solution (10 microliters) was locally injected into the telencephalon of a curarized animal under artificial respiration and Wulst EEG was recorded near the administered region. No influence was seen on EEG by the administration of amino acids with 1-3 carbon chains (short-chain structure) at a concentration of 6 X 10(-1)M. Characteristic biphasic spikes developed after the administration of amino acids with 4 or more carbon chains (long-chain structure) at a concentration higher than 2 X 10(-2)M, and their amplitudes gradually increased over 1.5-2.0 mV. Spikes were induced by guanyl compounds of amino acids of long-chain structure even at a concentration of 2 X 10(-3)M. Convulsant drugs also induced spikes when used in doses similar to the spike-inducing omega-aminosulfonic acids. The development of spikes by omega-aminosulfonic acids was antagonized by aminosulfonic acids with a short-chain structure. On the basis of the above-mentioned results, omega-aminosulfonic acids can be classified into excitants and depressants according to their activities in inducing characteristic spikes with high amplitudes. In the development of spikes, the excitants and depressants are antagonistic to each other. The doses of excitants which induce spikes are comparable to those of convulsants and coincide very well with the earlier reported relationship between convulsion development rates of excitants and dosage administered to the cerebral ventricle of mice.

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Effect of Strychnine on the Wulst EEG of Conscious Young and Adult Chickens

Cited by 5 publications

References 10 publications

Ontogeny of Behavioral Sensitivity to Strychnine in the Chick Embryo: Evidence for the Early Onset of CNS Inhibition (Part 2 of 2)

Ontogeny of Behavioral Sensitivity to Strychnine in the Chick Embryo: Evidence for the Early Onset of CNS Inhibition (Part 2 of 2)

Behavioral and Electroencephalographic Manifestations of Avian Epilepsy: A Review of the Literature

Induction and suppression of aminosulfonic acid spikes in Wulst EEG of adult chickens.

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