Effect of sulphide inclusions on rolling contact fatigue life of bearing steels

Hashimoto, Kazuya; Hiraoka, Kazuhiko; Kida, Katsuyuki; Santos, Edson Costa

doi:10.1179/1743284711y.0000000062

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Historically, it is believed that oxides are the most harmful inclusions shortening the RCF life of bearings [38,[40][41][42][43]. Nonetheless, awareness of the harmfulness of sulphides has been increasing over the past decades [44,45] leading to attempts to reduce more than just oxides in manufacturing. It is possible to reduce these inclusions to 1-10 ppm [39].…”

Section: Steel Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Laithy

Wang

Harvey

et al. 2019

Tribology International

122

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Rolling bearings are one of the most widely used components in industrial machinery. If suitably mounted, loaded, lubricated and isolated from contamination, rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is believed to be the most probable mode of failure resulting in subsurface originated failures. Over the past several decades many researchers have studied the failure and microstructural alterations in bearings such as dark etching regions and white etching bands and how operating conditions such as pressure, temperature and running time impact them during RCF. This paper aims to provide an overview of such alterations, their properties, formation mechanisms and impact on bearing failure.

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Section: Steel Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Laithy

Wang

Harvey

et al. 2019

Tribology International

122

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…They are generally supersaturated in carbon as a result of carbide dissolution [10], have a structure of equiaxed but very fine grains [7,11,12], and are free of large carbides [11,12]. In the case of butterflies, the hard white-etching matter wings originate at voids, non-metallic inclusions, carbides, or microcracks already at 5-10% of the L 10 life, which represents the number of loading cycles when 10% of the bearings in a population fail before their estimated life time [1,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

White-Etching Matter in Bearing Steel. Part II: Distinguishing Cause and Effect in Bearing Steel Failure

Solano-Alvarez

Bhadeshia

2014

Metall Mater Trans A

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The premature failure of large bearings of the type used in wind turbines, possibly through a mechanism called "white-structure flaking", has triggered many studies of microstructural damage associated with "white-etching areas" created during rolling contact fatigue, although whether they are symptoms or causes of failure is less clear. Therefore, some special experiments have been conducted to prove that white-etching areas are the consequence, and not the cause, of damage. By artificially introducing a fine dispersion of microcracks in the steel through heat treatment and then subjecting the sample to rolling contact fatigue, manifestations of hard white-etching matter have been created to a much greater extent than samples similarly tested without initial cracks. A wide variety of characterisation tools has been used to corroborate that the white areas thus created have the same properties as reported observations on real bearings. Evidence suggests that the formation mechanism of the white-etching regions involves the rubbing and beating of the free surfaces of cracks, debonded inclusions, and voids under repeated rolling contact. It follows that the focus in avoiding early failure should be in enhancing the toughness of the bearing steel in order to avoid the initial microscopic feature event.

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“…Bearing steels are widely applied in machinery manufacturing, railway transportation, automobile manufacturing, national defense industries, and other fields [1]. It is well known that the mass fraction, composition, size, morphology, and distribution of non-metallic inclusions have an important influence on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life of bearing steels [2][3][4][5]. The demand for the RCF life of bearing steels becomes more stringent, which requires a better control of steel cleanliness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of Inclusions in Solid GCr15 Bearing Steels During Heat Treatment

Gong

Zhang

et al. 2019

Metals

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Laboratory heating experiments with a varied holding time of GCr15 bearing steels at 1498 K were performed to study the transformation of inclusions in solid GCr15 bearing steels during high temperature diffusion processes. Heating experiments at 1573 and 1648 K were also carried out to study the effect of these heating temperatures. Experimental results showed that inclusions transformed from Al2O3-CaO-(MgO) to Al2O3-CaS-(MgO-CaO) when the heat treatment was in the range of 1498 to 1648 K due to reactions between Al and S in the steel matrix and CaO in the inclusions. This is in good agreement with thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, the size of the inclusions hardly changed after heat treatment. The transformation rate of the inclusions depended strongly on both the heating temperature and the size of the inclusions. Kinetic analyses on the transformation of inclusions during heat treatment were performed based on a simplified analytical model. The mass transfer coefficients of CaO and CaS in inclusions were calculated, which ranged from 0.73 × 10−10 to 4.48 × 10−10 m/s.

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Effect of sulphide inclusions on rolling contact fatigue life of bearing steels

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

White-Etching Matter in Bearing Steel. Part II: Distinguishing Cause and Effect in Bearing Steel Failure

Transformation of Inclusions in Solid GCr15 Bearing Steels During Heat Treatment

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