Effect of Temperature on Yield Product and Characteristics of Bio-oil From Pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis Residue

Abstract

: Dependence on the use of fossil fuels in Indonesia is still quite high, especially crude oil; if no new energy reserves found, it will disrupt long-term energy availability. Biofuel is a renewable energy source derived from biomass, such as the type of microalgae spirulina platensis (SP). Solid residues from SP extraction still contained high levels of protein and carbohydrates. This solid residue can be processed by pyrolysis to produce bio-oil, water phase, charcoal, and gas. Bio-oil and gas products can use as fuel, charcoal can use for pharmaceutical needs, and the water phase as a chemical can use in food and health. The pyrolysis process carried out in a fixed-bed reactor with temperature ranging from 300-600°C. Heating was carried out by electricity through a nickel wire wrapped outside the reactor. Pyrolysis product in the form of gas condensed in the condenser, the condensate formed measured by weight. Char weight measured after the pyrolysis process completed. At the same time, non-condensable gas calculated by gravity from the initial weight difference of SPR minus liquid weight (bio-oil and water phase) and char. SPR samples were analyzed proximate and ultimate, while bio-oil products examined by the GC-MS method. The experimental results showed that the optimum pyrolysis temperature at 500ºC produced by 18.45% of bio-oil, 20% of the water phase, 32.02 of charcoal, and 29.54% of gas by weight. GC-MS results from bio-oil consisted of ketones, aliphatics, nitrogen, alcohol, acids, while PAHs, phenols, and aromatics not found.Abstrak : Ketergantungan penggunaan bahan bakar fosil di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi terutama minyak mentah, jika tidak ditemukan cadangan energi baru maka akan mengganggu ketersediaan energi jangka panjang. Biofuel adalah salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang berasal dari biomassa seperti jenis mikroalga spirulina platensis (SP). Residu padat dari ekstraksi SP masih mengandung protein dan karbohidrat yang cukup tinggi. Residu padat ini dapat diproses dengan pirolisis untuk menghasilkan bio-minyak, fase air, arang, dan gas. Produk bio-minyak dan gas dapat digunakan untuk bahan bakar, arang dapat digunakan untuk kebutuhan farmasi, dan fase air sebagai bahan kimia dapat digunakan di bidang makanan dan kesehatan. Proses pirolisis dilakukan dalam reaktor fixed-bed dengan suhu 300-600°C. Pemanasan dilakukan dengan listrik melalui kawat nikel yang dibungkus di luar reaktor. Produk pirolisis berupa gas dikondensasi dalam kondensor, kondensat yang terbentuk diukur beratnya. Berat char diukur setelah proses pirolisis selesai, sementara gas yang tidak dapat dikondensasi dihitung beratnya dari perbedaan bobot awal SPR dikurangi bobot cair (bio-oil dan fase air) dan char. Sampel SPR dianalisis proksimat dan ultimat, sedangkan produk bio-minyak dianalisis dengan metode GC-MS. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa suhu optimum pirolisis adalah 500ºC yang menghasilkan bio-oil, water phase, arang, dan gas berturut-turut adalah 18,45; 20; 32,02 dan 29,54 % berat. Hasil GC-MS dari bio-oil terdiri dari keton, alifatik, nitrogen, alkohol dan asam, sedangkan PAH, fenol dan tidak ditemukan.

Black Mangrove Powder Extracts with Variation of Temperature and Length of Time using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)

“…This is because a temperature that is too high for a prolonged period causes more water content to evaporate, decreasing the yield, and vice versa, a temperature that is too low causes less water to evaporate, producing a high yield. [6], [34]- [36].…”

Zeolit Alam Indonesia Sebagai Kandidat Katalis Asam Padat Yang Unggul Untuk Proses Upgrading Bio-Oil Melalui Teknik Esterifikasi

“…Viskositas bio-oil dapat memiliki nilai bervariasi (25-1.000 cSt, diukur pada temperatur 40 o C) bergantung pada bahan baku biomass dan parameter proses pirolisis yang diterapkan pada saat produksi bio-oil (Nolte & Liberatore, 2010;Younis et al, 2019). Pamareter pirolisis seperti jenis dan konfigurasi pyrolyser, serta temperatur pirolisis dapat memberikan pengaruh signifikan pada kandungan air, kandungan komponen fraksi ringan, dan perilaku aging bio-oil (Paenpong & Pattiya 2016;Onay, 2007;Jamilatun et al, 2020).…”

Thermogravimetric analysis kinetic study of Spirulina platensis residue pyrolysis

“…There are three main microalgae components: proteins, carbohydrates, and natural oil (lipids). Microalgae can be converted using pyrolysis to produce bio-fuel about 40% at a temperature ranging from 300°C -500°C [3]. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process in which biomass decomposes without oxygen.…”

“…The reaction model used is the same for each conversion with different heating rates. The method for determining these kinetic parameters is quite simple, but the same sample mass and inert gas streams at different heating rates can only carry out [3]. Examples of model-free iso conversion methods are Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) [20], Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) [21], Vyazovkin, Vyazovkin AIC, Friedman, and Starink methods.…”