Effect of the carbohydrate growth substrate on polysaccharolytic enzyme formation by anaerobic fungi isolated from the foregut and hindgut of nonruminant herbivores and the forestomach of ruminants

Williams, Alan G.; Withers, Susan E.; Orpin, C. G.

doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.1994.tb00830.x

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the fibre degrading microbes makes it more difficult to understand the mechanism of fibre degradation in the rumen (McSweeney et al, 1999). The fibre degrading microbes (bacteria, protozoa and fungi) present in the rumen of domestic and wild ruminants excrete a large variety of different enzymes which are involved in hydrolysis of some or the other component of the fibrous portion of the roughage feeds (Agarwal et al, 1991;Borneman et al, 1991Borneman et al, , 1992Williams et al, 1994;Sahu and Kamra, 2002). Different strains of the same genus may have different capability to digest plant cell walls (Krause et al, 1998;Fujino et al, 1999;Lee et al, 1999;Singh et al, 2001) depending upon the individual enzyme profile of that strain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Diet on Enzyme Profile, Biochemical Changes and In sacco Degradability of Feeds in the Rumen of Buffalo

Kamra¹,

Saha²,

Bhatt³

et al. 2003

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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Feeding of animals and experimental designFour rumen fistulated Murrah buffaloes of body weight ranging from 180-242 kg, were fed four diets consisting of roughage (wheat straw) and concentrate mixture in the ratios of 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 respectively, in a 4×4 Latin Square design. Wheat straw and concentrate mixture, consisting of wheat bran 37, crushed maize grain 30, mustard seed cake 30, mineral mixture 2 and salt 1 parts, were mixed with water (0.6 l/kg feed) manually and offered to animals as complete feed mixtures at 8:00 h and 16:00 h in two equal parts. Each feeding period lasted 30 days, and the sampling of rumen liquor and rumen contents was done after 25 days of feeding for two consecutive days. The rumen liquor was collected at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h post feeding. After recording pH the samples were pooled for the day

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Diet on Enzyme Profile, Biochemical Changes and In sacco Degradability of Feeds in the Rumen of Buffalo

Kamra¹,

Saha²,

Bhatt³

et al. 2003

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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“…However, in a series of classic studies, Orpin (39-45) determined that these organisms were actually flagellated zoospores of anaerobic fungi. Although concentrations of the fungi are relatively low in comparison to those of the bacteria and ciliate protozoa, they possess a wide range of enzymes which are capable of hydrolyzing most of the structural polysaccharides occurring in plant cell walls (21,26,35,48,53,55). The fungi also appear to be superior to the rumen bacteria in their ability to break down and degrade the structural barriers in plant material (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Antibiosis between Ruminal Bacteria and Ruminal Fungi

Dehority

Tirabasso

2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Cellulose digestion, bacterial numbers, and fungal numbers were monitored over time in vitro by using a purified cellulose medium with and without antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin). All fermentations were inoculated with a 1:10 dilution of whole rumen contents (WRC). Without antibiotics, cellulose digestion was higher (P < 0.01) at 24, 30, 48, and 72 h; fungi had almost disappeared by 24 h, while bacterial concentrations increased over 100-fold in 24 h and then decreased gradually up to 72 h. In those fermentations with added antibiotics, fungal concentrations increased 4-fold by 30 h and up to 42-fold at 72 h; bacterial concentrations were markedly reduced by 24 h and remained low through 72 h. Similar results were obtained with ground alfalfa as a substrate. In further studies, the in vitro fermentation of purified cellulose without antibiotics was stopped after 18 to 20 h, and the microbial population was killed by autoclaving. Antibiotics were added to half of the tubes, and all tubes were reinoculated with WRC. After 72 h, extensive cellulose digestion had occurred in those tubes without antibiotics, as compared to very low cellulose digestion with added antibiotics. The extent of this inhibition was found to increase in proportion to the length of the initial fermentation period, suggesting the production of a heat-stable inhibitory factor or factors. The inhibitory activity was present in rumen fluid, could be extracted from lyophilized rumen fluid (LRF) with water, and was stable in response to proteolytic enzymes. In addition, the water-extracted residue of LRF was found to contain growth factor activity for rumen fungi in vitro.The flagellated microorganisms observed in rumen contents by Liebetanz in 1910 (36) and Braune in 1913 (13) were originally believed to be flagellate protozoa. However, in a series of classic studies, Orpin (39-45) determined that these organisms were actually flagellated zoospores of anaerobic fungi. Although concentrations of the fungi are relatively low in comparison to those of the bacteria and ciliate protozoa, they possess a wide range of enzymes which are capable of hydrolyzing most of the structural polysaccharides occurring in plant cell walls (21,26,35,48,53,55). The fungi also appear to be superior to the rumen bacteria in their ability to break down and degrade the structural barriers in plant material (2). They are able to weaken and partially or fully degrade the more recalcitrant plant tissues as well as penetrate the cuticle barrier (3, 5, 34). When fungi were removed from the rumen, both feed intake and fiber digestibility were decreased; however, total viable bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, or ciliate protozoal concentrations were not affected (24). Based on in vitro studies with rumen fluid, using antibiotics and a fungicide to selectively culture either the bacteria or fungi, Akin and coworkers (1, 56) concluded that the bacteria were the most active fiberdigesting organisms, even though fungal numbers were increased in the antibiotic-treated cultur...

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“…Rl, although metabolite profiles differed. Williams et al (1994) reported higher biomass yield of foregut and hindgut isolates Neocallimastix spp. and Piromyces spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Fermentation of glucose, xylose, cellulose and waste paper by the rumen anaerobic fungus <i>Orpinomyces joyonii</i> A<sub>4</sub>

Kovar¹,

Benda²,

Hodrová³

et al. 2000

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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The rumen anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces joyonii A 4 was grown in a complex medium with glucose, xylose, microcrystalline cellulose or waste paper. The fungus produced significantly (PO.05) more formate, acetate and ethanol, but less lactate from xylose than from glucose. Protein content and yields of dry matter and protein in cells grown on glucose and xylose were not significantly different. Fungal cells contained 64.8% of crude protein, but only 34.9-35.2% of true protein determined according to Lowry. In dual-substrate fermentation both sugars were utilized simultaneously. O. joyonii A 4 efficiently metabolized microcrystalline cellulose and milled office paper (up to 41.1 and 38.0 mmol of fermentation end-products per 1, respectively). Its growth on newspaper was poor (13.4 mmol of fermentation end-products per 1). Glucose accumulated in fungal cultures with cellulose (2.55 g/1) and office paper (0.60 g/1) at the end of the incubation.

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Effect of the carbohydrate growth substrate on polysaccharolytic enzyme formation by anaerobic fungi isolated from the foregut and hindgut of nonruminant herbivores and the forestomach of ruminants

Cited by 15 publications

References 18 publications

Effect of Diet on Enzyme Profile, Biochemical Changes and In sacco Degradability of Feeds in the Rumen of Buffalo

Effect of Diet on Enzyme Profile, Biochemical Changes and In sacco Degradability of Feeds in the Rumen of Buffalo

Antibiosis between Ruminal Bacteria and Ruminal Fungi

Fermentation of glucose, xylose, cellulose and waste paper by the rumen anaerobic fungus <i>Orpinomyces joyonii</i> A<sub>4</sub>

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