Recent studies indicated that regular consumption of antioxidant-rich foods reduces cellular oxidative stress and protects against health-related problems. This study aimed to assess the in vitro antioxidant properties of the papaya epicarp extract against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative stress in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Our study revealed that papaya epicarp extract acted as a potent free radical scavenger and provided neuroprotection against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. Papaya epicarp extract ameliorated glutathione depletion, restored total antioxidant capacity and augmented the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidases and superoxide dismutase). In conclusion, papaya epicarp extract can be used as a functional dietary ingredient that might help in reducing the neurological health problems associated with various oxidative stress insults.

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Feeding of animals and experimental designFour rumen fistulated Murrah buffaloes of body weight ranging from 180-242 kg, were fed four diets consisting of roughage (wheat straw) and concentrate mixture in the ratios of 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 respectively, in a 4×4 Latin Square design. Wheat straw and concentrate mixture, consisting of wheat bran 37, crushed maize grain 30, mustard seed cake 30, mineral mixture 2 and salt 1 parts, were mixed with water (0.6 l/kg feed) manually and offered to animals as complete feed mixtures at 8:00 h and 16:00 h in two equal parts. Each feeding period lasted 30 days, and the sampling of rumen liquor and rumen contents was done after 25 days of feeding for two consecutive days. The rumen liquor was collected at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h post feeding. After recording pH the samples were pooled for the day

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