Effect of the dietary brominated phenol, lanasol, on chemical biotransformation enzymes in the gumboot chiton Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorf, 1846)

DeBusk, B.C.; Chimote, S.S.; Rimoldi, John M.; Schenk, Dan

doi:10.1016/s0742-8413(00)00141-9

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…A comprehensive screening of allelochemicals from plants found that many inhibit the GSTs found in generalist lepidopterans (Yu & Abo-Elghar 2000), and over expression of GST enzymes in these consumers may play an important role in non-enzymatic cellular defense against dietary electrophilic chemical defenses. In marine systems, the chiton Cryptochiton stelleri regularly feeds on a red algal diet known to contain high concentrations of the feeding deterrent lanosol (DeBusk et al 2000). Lanosol was found to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of C. stelleri GST activity, suggesting that while this feeding deterrent is not a substrate, overexpression of GSTs may serve as a detoxification strategy if GST enzymes can sequester the compound.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only a few studies have addressed the induction of GSTs upon exposure to allelochemicals in marine invertebrates (Vrolijk & Targett 1992, DeBusk et al 2000, Kuhajek & Schlenk 2003. One such study (Vrolijk & Targett 1992) examined GST activity in the digestive gland of a generalist gastropod, Cyphoma gibbosum, which exclusively feeds on several families of chemically defended gorgonian corals.…”

Section: Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The induction or high constitutive activity of GSTs seen in several marine molluscs after exposure to allelochemical treatment or diet has been suggested as a protective mechanism against dietary intoxication (Lee et al 1988, Vrolijk & Targett 1992, Regoli et al 1997, DeBusk et al 2000, Kuhajek & Schlenk 2003, Vasconcelos et al 2007). For example, the generalist marine gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum, which feeds entirely on a diet of chemicallydefended gorgonians (O'Neal & Pawlik 2002), contains highly expressed cytosolic GST forms in its digestive gland (Vrolijk & Targett 1992), with activities rivaling those of terrestrial invertebrates that feed solely on allelochemically-rich prey (Lee 1991, Lee & Berenbaum 1992.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional characterization and expression of molluscan detoxification enzymes and transporters involved in dietary allelochemical resistance

Whalen¹

2008

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Understanding how organisms deal with potentially toxic or fitness-reducing allelochemicals is important for understanding patterns of predation and herbivory in the marine environment. The ability of marine consumers to tolerate dietary toxins may involve biochemical resistance mechanisms, which increase the hydrophilicity of compounds and facilitate their active efflux out of sensitive cells and tissues. While several allelochemical-responsive detoxification enzymes have been sequenced and functionally characterized in terrestrial invertebrates feeding on chemically defended host plants, there is virtually no information concerning the role of these biotransformation enzymes that may mediate feeding tolerance in marine invertebrates. The objective of this research was to assess the diversity and dietary regulation of cytochrome P450s (CYP), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and ABC transporters in the generalist marine gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum feeding on a variety of chemically defended gorgonian corals, and to identify those dietary natural products that act as substrates for these proteins.Molecular and proteomic techniques identified both allelochemically-responsive CYPs, and constitutively expressed GSTs and transporters in Cyphoma digestive glands. Inhibition of Cyphoma GST activity by gorgonian extracts and selected allelochemicals (i.e., prostaglandins) indicated that gorgonian diets are likely to contain substrates for molluscan detoxification enzymes. In vitro metabolism studies with recombinant CYPs suggested those Cyphoma enzymes most closely related to vertebrate fatty acid hydroxylating enzymes may contribute to the detoxification ofichthyodeterrent cyclopentenone prostaglandins found in abundance in selected gorgonian species. Finally, the presence and activity of multixenobiotic resistance transporters in Cyphoma and the co-occuring specialist nudibranch, Tritonia hamnerorum, suggests these efflux transporters could function as a first line of defense against dietary intoxication. Together, these results suggest marine consumers that regularly exploit allelochemicalrich prey have evolved both general (GST and ABC transporters) and allelochemicalspecific (CYP) detoxification mechanisms to tolerate prey chemical defenses.Thesis Supervisor: Mark E. Hahn Title: Senior Scientist, Biology Department, WHOI COMPLETE ABSTRACT Intense consumer pressure in tropical marine ecosystems not only structures the organization and functioning of marine communities, but has a profound effect on the phenotype of resident organisms. In order to persist in the midst of extreme predation and herbivory, sessile benthic marine organisms, afforded with no means of escape, often produce chemical defenses, termed allelochemicals, which render their tissues unpalatable or toxic to most potential consumers. Despite the fitness-reducing consequences of consuming noxious/toxic prey, less mobile consumers, frequently drawn to their hosts by the chemical refugia they provide, are able to tolerate the toxicological challe...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional characterization and expression of molluscan detoxification enzymes and transporters involved in dietary allelochemical resistance

Whalen¹

2008

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“…Enzyme activity can be estimated using spectrophotometric or radiochemical quantitation techniques. Glucuronidation has been reported to occur during the metabolism of PAHs, phenols, and pesticides by crustacea (Sanborn and Malins 1980;Reichert et al 1985), bivalva (Borchert et al 1997;Lalah et al 2003;Michel et al 1995), larval chironomids (Borchert et al 1997;Kawatski and Bittner 1975;Leversee et al 1982), and gumboot chiton (De Busk et al 2000;Schlenk and Buhler 1988). The enzyme activity seems to be located in the microsomal fraction, as evidenced by results of an enzyme assay on the digestive glands of gumboot chiton.…”

Section: Glucose and Glucuronic Acid Transferasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, and Metabolism of Pesticides in Aquatic Organisms

Katagi

2009

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

137

102

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The ecotoxicological assessment of pesticide effects in the aquatic environment should normally be based on a deep knowledge of not only the concentration of pesticides and metabolites found but also on the influence of key abiotic and biotic processes that effect rates of dissipation. Although the bioconcentration and bioaccumulation potentials of pesticides in aquatic organisms are conveniently estimated from their hydrophobicity (represented by log K(ow), it is still indispensable to factor in the effects of key abiotic and biotic processes on such pesticides to gain a more precise understanding of how they may have in the natural environment. Relying only on pesticide hydrophobicity may produce an erroneous environmental impact assessment. Several factors affect rates of pesticide dissipation and accumulation in the aquatic environment. Such factors include the amount and type of sediment present in the water and type of diet available to water-dwelling organisms. The particular physiological behavior profiles of aquatic organisms in water, such as capacity for uptake, metabolism, and elimination, are also compelling factors, as is the chemistry of the water. When evaluating pesticide uptake and bioconcentration processes, it is important to know the amount and nature of bottom sediments present and the propensity that the stuffed aquatic organisms have to absorb and process xenobiotics. Extremely hydrophobic pesticides such as the organochlorines and pyrethroids are susceptible to adsorb strongly to dissolved organic matter associated with bottom sediment. Such absorption reduces the bioavailable fraction of pesticide dissolved in the water column and reduces the probable ecotoxicological impact on aquatic organisms living the water. In contrast, sediment dweller may suffer from higher levels of direct exposure to a pesticide, unless it is rapidly degraded in sediment. Metabolism is important to bioconcentration and bioaccumulation processes, as is detoxification and bioactivation. Hydrophobic pesticides that are expected to be highly stored in tissues would not be bioconcentrated if susceptible to biotic transformation by aquatic organisms to more rapidly metabolized to hydrophilic entities are generally less toxic. By analogy, pesticides that are metabolized to similar entities by aquatic species surely are les ecotoxicologically significant. One feature of fish and other aquatic species that makes them more relevant as targets of environmental studies and of regulation is that they may not only become contaminated by pesticides or other chemicals, but that they constitute and important part of the human diet. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the enzymes that are capable of metabolizing or otherwise assisting in the removal of xenobiotics from aquatic species. Many studies have been performed on the enzymes that are responsible for metabolizing xenobiotics. In addition to the use of conventional biochemical methods, such studies on enzymes are increasingly being conducted using immunochemical met...

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“…Only a few studies have addressed the induction of GSTs upon exposure to allelochemicals in marine invertebrates [7][8][9]. One such study [9] examined GST activity in the digestive gland of a generalist gastropod, Cyphoma gibbosum, which exclusively feeds on several families of chemically defended gorgonian corals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic identification, cDNA cloning and enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferases from the generalist marine gastropod, Cyphoma gibbosum

Whalen¹,

Morin²,

Lin³

et al. 2008

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

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Short title: Characterization of glutathione S-transferases from Cyphoma gibbosumFootnote: The nucleotide and translated amino acid sequences for C. gibbosum GSTs have been deposited in GenBank with the following accession nos. EU008563 (CgGSTM1) and EU008562 (CgGSTM2).Abbreviations footnote: CDNB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; GST, glutathione S-transferase; nrDB, non-redundant database; RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction 2 ABSTRACT Glutathione S-transferases (GST) were characterized from the digestive gland of Cyphoma gibbosum (Mollusca; Gastropoda), to investigate the possible role of these detoxification enzymes in conferring resistance to allelochemicals present in its gorgonian coral diet. We identified the collection of expressed cytosolic Cyphoma GST classes using a proteomic approach involving affinity chromatography, HPLC and nanospray liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Two major GST subunits were identified as putative mu-class GSTs; while one minor GST subunit was identified as a putative theta-class GST, apparently the first theta-class GST identified from a mollusc. Two Cyphoma GST cDNAs (CgGSTM1 and CgGSTM2) were isolated by RT-PCR using primers derived from peptide sequences. Phylogenetic analyses established both cDNAs as mu-class GSTs and revealed a mollusc-specific subclass of the GST-mu clade. These results provide new insights into metazoan GST diversity and the biochemical mechanisms used by marine organisms to cope with their chemically defended prey.

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Effect of the dietary brominated phenol, lanasol, on chemical biotransformation enzymes in the gumboot chiton Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorf, 1846)

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Functional characterization and expression of molluscan detoxification enzymes and transporters involved in dietary allelochemical resistance

Functional characterization and expression of molluscan detoxification enzymes and transporters involved in dietary allelochemical resistance

Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, and Metabolism of Pesticides in Aquatic Organisms

Proteomic identification, cDNA cloning and enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferases from the generalist marine gastropod, Cyphoma gibbosum

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