“…Quantifying and characterizing energetic electron precipitation (EEP, i.e., >10 keV) is one of the requirements for a more complete description of solar forcing that can be used in coupled climate models (Duderstadt et al., 2021; Matthes et al., 2017; Nesse Tyssøy et al., 2021; Salice et al., 2024; Seppälä et al., 2015; van de Kamp et al., 2016). Electrons precipitating with energies >10 keV will typically deposit their energy in the atmosphere at altitudes of 100 km or below (Katoh et al., 2023; Turunen et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2020), leading to chemical and dynamical changes in the climate system (Andersson et al., 2012; Brasseur & Solomon, 2005; Guttu et al., 2021; Mironova et al., 2015; Orsolini et al., 2018; Sinnhuber et al., 2012). One mechanism that causes energetic electron precipitation is via scattering with EMIC waves (e.g., Denton et al., 2019; Millan & Thorne, 2007; Thorne & Kennel, 1971).…”