Effect of time of consumption of preloads on measures of satiety in healthy normal weight women

Dietary whey protein influences plasma satiety-related hormones and plasma amino acids in normal-weight adult women

“…However, possible mechanisms underlying these effects were not studied. In a companion study 14 to the presently reported work and conducted with the same normal-weight adult female subjects, consumption of a preload drink enriched with whey protein containing naturally present glycomacropeptide was shown to suppress subsequent ad libitum food energy intake compared with a maltodextrin carbohydrateenriched preload drink, irrespective of the time delay interval between preload drink and test meal (30,60 or 120 min). Furthermore, for the time delay interval of 120 min, blood samples were collected sequentially for analysis of several plasma hormones and metabolites and these responses are the subject of this report.…”

“…VAS-rated subjective feelings of appetite (hunger, desire to eat, prospective food consumption and fullness) over time and expressed as net iAUC 0-120 min did not differ between the maltodextrin carbohydrate and whey protein beverages (data reported in Chungchunlam et al 14 When all data were included in the analysis, there was no significant interaction between drink and time for the plasma CCK-33 response (P40.05) and there were no significant differences because of time (P40.05) or drink (P40.05). However, there were seven statistical outliers from 322 total observations for the CCK-33 data.…”

“…The ingredients and macronutrient contents of the two test preload drinks and the preparation protocol were identical to those described earlier. 14 Each experimental day was separated by at least 3 days and occurred during the menses and follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. On the day before, subjects were instructed to abstain from alcohol and to consume only water from 2200 hours onwards.…”

“…[15][16][17][18] The objective of this study was to build upon previous work by comparing a wider range of gastrointestinal satiety-related hormones and metabolites. Therefore, changes in plasma glucose, insulin, CCK, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), urea, ammonia and amino-acid concentrations, which may account either individually or interactively for the observed 14 stronger satiety effect of a preload enriched with whey protein containing glycomacropeptide versus one enriched with maltodextrin carbohydrate, were investigated.…”

Factors that determine energy compensation: a systematic review of preload studies

“…In addition, preload studies have traditionally used a wide variety of IMIs (between 5 min and up to 4 h), with considerable variation in the results (probably associated with the different physiological mechanisms involved during eating) . Many of the studies do not justify the selection of time interval and there appears to be only limited, and inconsistent, empirical data reporting on the differential satiating effects of foods by time …”