Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO)
has been considered as a promising
route for biomass revalorization. The development of active and stable
materials has been undertaken over the past decade, and precious metals
have displayed high activities. Ru has exhibited an outstanding performance
due to its high hydrogenation capacity, among other properties. Rational
development of these catalysts requires understanding the contribution
of properties like acidity, oxophilicity, reducibility, and capacity
to generate oxygen vacancies. However, the fundamental basis for effective
C–O cleavage is not well understood, to our knowledge. Therefore,
this work aimed to evaluate the effect of support in HDO of ethanol,
cyclohexanol, and phenol as oxygenated model molecules for bio-oil
on Ru catalysts. A series of 0.6 wt % Ru catalysts were prepared by
wet impregnation with Ru(NO)(NO3)3 solutions.
A strong influence of support in HDO activity of different molecules
with the Ru catalyst was evidenced. Differences in activity on the
catalyst with comparable particle size indicated that reactions involving
the C–O cleavage by hydrogenation did not occur only on metallic
sites. Rather, the activity took place by a cooperative action between
the metallic phase and the support. For the HDO reaction of the studied
molecules, Ru/TiO2 and Ru/ZrO2 were the most
active solids as compared with Ru/SiO2 and Ru/Al2O3. Ethanol and cyclohexanol dehydration-reformation reactions
showed that catalytic functionalities could be tuned with the reaction
temperature. It was found that acid properties were more relevant
when the temperature was increased (formation of ethylene and diethyl
ether). At the same time, the metallic (dehydrogenation) function
decreased (formation of acetaldehyde and its reformation to methane
and CO). The usage of oxyphilic supports with oxygen vacancies, moderate
acid site density, and redox properties in combination with high hydrogenating
capacity metals like Ru may be the clue to developing highly active
materials for alternative fuel production.