Effect of training on enzyme activity and fiber composition of human skeletal muscle.

Gollnick, Paul; Armstrong, R. B.; Saltin, Bengt; Saubert, C. W.; Sembrowich, W. L.; Shepherd, R. E.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1973.34.1.107

Cited by 557 publications

(265 citation statements)

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“…approach those found in the present study (Gollnick, 1973;Burke, 1977). The suggestion is that perhaps these athletes are not training for specific hypertrophy of the most important extensor muscle of the upper arm.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Furthermore it appears that wheelchair athletes have inadvertently dis covered a successful training method to produce muscle hypertrophy. Although the muscle hypertrophy was prevalent in these subjects, the enzyme activities of SDH and PFK were relatively low when compared with trained normal subjects (Gollnick et al, 1972;Gollnick et al, 1973, Burke et al, 1977Taylor et al, 1978). The comparatively low enzyme activities of both the marker enzymes for the oxidative pathway (SDH) and the glycolytic pathway (PFK) indicate that the intensity of the training programmes for these athletes and perhaps the dura tion and frequency, were not sufficient to result in the high values found in highly trained normal subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Sport scientists assess the energy subtrate concentrations Taylor et at., 1971;Bergstrom, 1976) and the activity levels of numerous metabolic marker enzymes (Gollnick et at., 1972;Gollnick et al, 1973;Saltin, 1973, andTaylor, 1975). The resultant data has been used to improve training programmes, dietary regimens and ultimately the productivity of the athletes Hultman, 1967;Hultman, 1978;Taylor et al, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Skeletal muscle analysis of wheelchair athletes

Taylor

McDonnell

Royer³

et al. 1979

Spinal Cord

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Skeletal muscle analysis of wheelchair athletes

Taylor

McDonnell

Royer³

et al. 1979

Spinal Cord

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“…It is well known that endurance training elicits an increase in the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle from healthy, insulin-sensitive subjects [25,36,37]. Thus, regular exercise training might be therapeutic in overcoming derangements in lipid metabolism observed in Type 2 diabetes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disassociation of muscle triglyceride content and insulin sensitivity after exercise training in patients with Type 2 diabetes

et al. 2004

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Aim/hypothesis. We determined the effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and muscle lipids (triglyceride [TG m ] and long-chain fatty acyl CoA [LCACoA] concentration) in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Methods. Seven patients with Type 2 diabetes and six healthy control subjects who were matched for age, BMI, % body fat and VO 2 peak participated in a 3 days per week training program for 8 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was determined pre-and post-training during a 120 min euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp and muscle biopsies were obtained before and after each clamp. Oxidative enzyme activities [citrate synthase (CS), β-hydroxy-acyl-CoA (β-HAD)] and TG m were determined from basal muscle samples pre-and post training, while total LCACoA content was measured in samples obtained before and after insulinstimulation, pre-and post training. Results. The training-induced increase in VO 2 peak (~20%, p<0.01) was similar in both groups. Compared with control subjects, insulin sensitivity was lower in the diabetic patients before and after training (~60%; p<0.05), but was increased to the same extent in both groups with training (~30%; p<0.01). TG m was increased in patients with Type 2 diabetes (170%; p<0.05) before, but was normalized to levels observed in control subjects after training. Basal LCACoA content was similar between groups and was unaltered by training. Insulin-stimulation had no detectable effect on LCACoA content. CS and β-HAD activity were increased to the same extent in both groups in response to training (p<0.001). Conclusion/interpretation. We conclude that the enhanced insulin sensitivity observed after short-term exercise training was associated with a marked decrease in TG m content in patients with Type 2 diabetes. However, despite the normalization of TG m to levels observed in healthy individuals, insulin resistance was not completely reversed in the diabetic patients. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by skeletal muscle insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. In addition to disturbances in glucose homeostasis, individuals with Type 2 diabetes have an impaired lipid metabolism, reflected by increased circulating free fatty acids [1], reduced rates of whole body fat oxidation [2] and excessive deposition of lipids in various tissues including skeletal muscle [3]. With regard to muscle lipid status, there is evidence in humans that increased trigacylglycerol (TG m ) concentration [3,4,5,6,7] and increased long-chain fatty acyl CoA (LCACoA) content are negatively associated with whole body insulin action [8]. Considering the rela-

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“…For example, it is commonly reported that 6-12 weeks of moderate intensity endurance training (60 -75% peak oxygen uptake) elicits numerous physiological adaptations that enhance the ability of skeletal muscles to generate energy via oxidative metabolic pathways (Burgosmaster et al 2008;Gollnick et al 1973), which may contribute to delay the onset of fatigue during strenuous physical activities. These adaptations include enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, increased myoglobin content and capillary density and enhanced oxidative enzymatic activity .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of high-intensity cycling training on postural sway during standing under rested and fatigued conditions in healthy young adults

Hill

Higgins

2016

Eur J Appl Physiol

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AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to express our thanks to David Clarke and Luke Burrows, Coventry University. 2 ABSTRACT PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether high-intensity cycling training leads to adapted responses of balance performance in response to exercise-induced muscle fatigue. MethodsEighteen healthy adults were assigned to either 3-weeks (n = 8, age 20.1 ± 2.6 years, height 177 ± 5 cm, mass 73.6 ± 5.1 kg) or 6-weeks (n = 10, age 24.3 ± 5.8 years, height 179 ± 6 cm, mass 81.0 ± 15. indicate that HIT could be included in injury prevention programs however, caution should be taken during early stages of the overreaching process.

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Effect of training on enzyme activity and fiber composition of human skeletal muscle.

Cited by 557 publications

References 0 publications

Skeletal muscle analysis of wheelchair athletes

Skeletal muscle analysis of wheelchair athletes

Disassociation of muscle triglyceride content and insulin sensitivity after exercise training in patients with Type 2 diabetes

The effect of high-intensity cycling training on postural sway during standing under rested and fatigued conditions in healthy young adults

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