Effect of Trypanosoma vivax infection on body temperature, feed intake, and metabolic rate of West African dwarf goats

Zwart, D.; Brouwer, B.O.; Hel, W. van der; Akker, H.N. van den; Verstegen, M.W.A.

doi:10.2527/1991.6993780x

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The cost due to fever has been shown to differ for goats that were either standing or lying (Van Dam, 1996). The most crucial finding, however, is that of Zwart et al (1991) who found that an increase in heat production due to fever is different, when measured during either day or night. Van Diemen et al (1995) also found time dependent effects on heat production in pigs challenged by Pasteurella multocida.…”

Section: Requirements For Energy During Pathogen Challengesmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…It has been observed that during pathogen challenges heat production was increased, while food intake and energy retention were reduced e.g. Verstegen et al (1991) and Zwart et al (1991). This effect, however, appears to be both pathogen and dose specific.…”

Section: Partitioning Of Scarce Protein and Energy Resources During Pmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…A significant body of evidence exists from experiments with Trypanosoma vivax infection in West African goats Zwart et al, 1991;Van Dam, 1996;Van Dam et al, 1997 and on both energy and nitrogen requirements. Trypanosoma vivax in these experiments caused an increase in body temperature (consistently 0.8 to 18C) and damage to red blood cells (Van Dam, 1996).…”

Section: Requirements For Energy During Pathogen Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There appears to be highly specific pathogen differences, with the greatest energetic cost occurring for pathogen or antigen challenges that lead to a fever e.g. Verstegen et al (1991), Zwart et al (1991) and Demas et al (1997). Local pathogen challenges may cause less of an effect as was demonstrated by Van Diemen et al (1995) who considered the effect of atrophic rhinitis on heat production in pigs.…”

Section: Requirements For Energy During Pathogen Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of pathogen challenges on the performance of naïve and immune animals: the problem of prediction

Sandberg

Emmans

Kyriazakis

2007

Animal

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Predictive frameworks for performance under both physical and social stressors are available, but no general framework yet exists for predicting the performance of animals exposed to pathogens. The aim of this paper was to identify the key problems that would need to be solved to achieve this. Challenges of a range of hosts by a range of pathogens were reviewed to consider reductions in growth beyond those associated with reductions in voluntary food intake (VFI). Pair-feeding and marginal response studies identified the extent and mechanisms of how further reductions in growth occur beyond those caused by reduced VFI. Further reductions in growth depended on the pathogen, the host and the dose and were time dependent. In some instances the reduction in VFI fully explained the reduction in growth. Marginal response experiments showed increased maintenance requirements during exposure to pathogens, but these were different for specific amino acids. There were no clear effects on marginal efficiency. Innate immune functions, repair of damaged tissue and expression of acquired immunity caused significant but variable increases in protein (amino acid) requirements. More resistant genotypes had greater requirements for mounting immune responses. The partitioning of protein (amino acids) was found to be different during pathogen challenges. Prediction of the requirements and partitioning of amino acids between growth and immune functions appears to be a crucial problem to solve in order to predict performance during pathogen challenges of different kinds and doses. The problems of accounting for reductions in performance during pathogen challenges that are described here provide a useful starting point for future modelling and experimental solutions.Keywords: diseases, energy, growth, pathogens, protein IntroductionPredicting the effects of physical (Black et al., 1986;Wellock et al., 2003a), social (Wellock et al., 2003b and infectious (Black et al., 1999) stressors on performance is important for guiding future management, genetic selection and experimental strategies. No general model exists that predicts growth and performance of different host genotypes, when given access to different kinds of foods and challenged by pathogens. The aim of this paper was to characterise reductions in growth during exposure to different kinds and amounts of pathogen that were not caused by a reduction in voluntary food intake (Sandberg et al., 2006). This allowed for the main consequences of pathogen challenges that would need addressing in a predictive framework of growth to be identified.There is no general agreement on the overall problems that need solving in order to predict growth during pathogen challenges (Black et al., 1999; Coop and Kyriazakis, 1999;Kyriazakis, 2003;Powanda and Beisel, 2003). A general comprehensive model can provide a clearer background for the design of future experiments, and help improve our current understanding of the interactions between pathogen challenge, the host and its nutrition. To achieve t...

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Section: Requirements For Energy During Pathogen Challengesmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Partitioning Of Scarce Protein and Energy Resources During Pmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Requirements For Energy During Pathogen Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Requirements For Energy During Pathogen Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The effects of pathogen challenges on the performance of naïve and immune animals: the problem of prediction

Sandberg

Emmans

Kyriazakis

2007

Animal

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“…Zwart et al (15) found that the reduction in feed intake of West African Dwarf Goats infected with Tvivax was very individual.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between decrease in feed intake and infection with trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax in West African dwarf goats

Wassink

Momoh

Zwart

et al. 1993

Veterinary Quarterly

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Toward quantifying the usage costs of human immunity: Altered metabolic rates and hormone levels during acute immune activation in men

Muehlenbein

Hirschtick

Bonner

et al. 2010

American J Hum Biol

124

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There is a paucity of data on the energetic demands of human immune functions, despite the fact that both clinical medicine and evolutionary biology would benefit from further clarification of these costs. To better understand the energetic requirements of mounting a mild immune response, as well as some of the major hormonal changes underlying these metabolic changes, we examined changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and hormones during and after respiratory tract infection in young adult men. An epidemiologic passive detection design was used to recruit 25 nonfebrile subjects naturally infected with respiratory tract pathogens. Symptomology, percent body fat, RMR, salivary testosterone and cortisol, and other information were collected at a minimum of three time points during and after convalescence. Comparisons of the differences in RMR, testosterone, and cortisol between sampling days within individual cases were made using paired t-tests. Participants experienced 8% higher RMR during illness, and a subset of these men experienced a mean increase greater than 14%. The participants also experienced 10% lower testosterone levels during illness, and a subset of these participants experienced a mean decrease of 30%, although cortisol levels did not change significantly. These results document elevated RMR following natural pathogen exposure in adult humans, demonstrating that even mild immune reactions can elicit significant increases in energy expenditure. Understanding the costs of immunity and the immunomodulatory actions of hormones are central to understanding the role of immunity in human life history evolution.

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Effect of Trypanosoma vivax infection on body temperature, feed intake, and metabolic rate of West African dwarf goats

Cited by 28 publications

References 9 publications

The effects of pathogen challenges on the performance of naïve and immune animals: the problem of prediction

The effects of pathogen challenges on the performance of naïve and immune animals: the problem of prediction

The relationship between decrease in feed intake and infection with trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax in West African dwarf goats

Toward quantifying the usage costs of human immunity: Altered metabolic rates and hormone levels during acute immune activation in men

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