Organic fluorescent molecules have received considerable
attention
owing to their various optoelectronic applications. Herein, we report
the design and synthesis of two cholesterol-functionalized cyanostyrene-phenothiazine-based
D–π–A systems that are emissive in both the solution
and solid states. The newly synthesized cholesterol-appended phenothiazine-cyanostyrene
diads PTCS-1 and PTCS-2 vary in the N-alkylation of phenothiazine, respectively, withoctyl andhexyl chains. Both molecules
are highly fluorescent and show reasonably good quantum yields in
nonpolar solvents because of twisted intramolecular charge transfer
(TICT). The molecules exhibit aggregation-induced emission in the
solid state. Due to the presence of flexible alkyl chains in the phenothiazine
and cholesterol moieties, PTCS-1 and PTCS-2 show mechanochromic luminescence switching in response to external
shear stress and emission recovery under methanol vapor. Powder X-ray
diffraction studies prove that the emission switching on the applied
stimuli in both PTCS-1 and PTCS-2 is attributed
to the reversible transformation between the crystalline and amorphous
states. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) studies
are carried out to gain insight into the ICT interactions. TD-DFT
analysis at the TD-M06-2X/def2-TZVP level further revealed that in
both molecules, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) + 2,
LUMO, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), and HOMO –
1 orbitals are responsible for the charge transfer interactions. These
ICT interactions are identified as π–π* type interactions.