Effect of Various Exercise Regimens on Selected Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Healthy People

Domin, Remigiusz; Dadej, Daniela; Pytka, Michał; Zybek-Kocik, Ariadna; Ruchała, Marek; Guzik, Przemysław

doi:10.3390/ijerph18031261

Cited by 60 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…Different forms of physical activity have been reported to stimulate cytokine release from various tissues to the bloodstream. In fact, receptors for exercise-induced cytokines are present in several body tissues including muscle tissue, adipose tissue, and brain [28]. We observed a slight but significant modulation of the level of inflammation-related cytokines in association with all altered oxygen concentration inspired during exercise sessions.…”

Section: Low-intensity Physical Excercise In Modified Oxygen Concentration Modulates the Inflammatory Statementioning

confidence: 59%

Hypoxic and Hyperoxic Breathing as a Complement to Low-Intensity Physical Exercise Programs: A Proof-of-Principle Study

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Mrakic‐Sposta

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Inflammation is an adaptive response to both external and internal stimuli including infection, trauma, surgery, ischemia-reperfusion, or malignancy. A number of studies indicate that physical activity is an effective means of reducing acute systemic and low-level inflammation occurring in different pathological conditions and in the recovery phase after disease. As a proof-of-principle, we hypothesized that low-intensity workout performed under modified oxygen supply would elicit a “metabolic exercise” inducing a hormetic response, increasing the metabolic load and oxidative stress with the same overall effect expected after a higher intensity or charge exercise. Herein, we report the effect of a 5-week low-intensity, non-training, exercise program in a group of young healthy subjects in combination with the exposure to hyperoxia (30% and 100% pO2, respectively) or light hypoxia (15% pO2) during workout sessions on several inflammation and oxidative stress parameters, namely hemoglobin (Hb), redox state, nitric oxide metabolite (NOx), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10), and renal functional biomarkers (creatinine, neopterin, and urates). We confirmed our previous reports demonstrating that intermittent hyperoxia induces the normobaric oxygen paradox (NOP), a response overlapping the exposure to hypoxia. Our data also suggest that the administration of modified air composition is an expedient complement to a light physical exercise program to achieve a significant modulation of inflammatory and immune parameters, including cytokines expression, iNOS activity, and oxidative stress parameters. This strategy can be of pivotal interest in all those conditions characterized by the inability to achieve a sufficient workload intensity, such as severe cardiovascular alterations and articular injuries failing to effectively gain a significant improvement of physical capacity.

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Section: Low-intensity Physical Excercise In Modified Oxygen Concentration Modulates the Inflammatory Statementioning

confidence: 59%

Hypoxic and Hyperoxic Breathing as a Complement to Low-Intensity Physical Exercise Programs: A Proof-of-Principle Study

Balestra

Lambrechts

Mrakic‐Sposta

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…In this study, in response to the exercise, the IL-6 expression was positively correlated with that of FGF-21 and follistatin, which are considered hepatokines, rather than the myokines (Domin et al, 2021). Follistatin has myogenic properties that directly inhibit myostatin from binding to the activin IIb receptor and suppression of small mothers against decapentaplegic 3 (Smad3) phosphorylation, consequently increasing the protein synthesis by the mTOR/S6K/S6RP signaling cascade and contributing to skeletal muscle mass (Winbanks et al, 2012;Hoffmann and Weigert, 2017;Lee and Jun, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The levels of systemic hepatokines, such as follistatin, FGF-21, and angiopoietin-like protein 4, have also been studied during and after the acute exercise (Gonzalez-Gil and Elizondo-Montemayor, 2020). The release of exercise-induced peptides is dependent on the type of exercise and training protocol (Piccirillo, 2019;Domin et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Course and Role of Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Muscle Damage and Repair After a Marathon Race

et al. 2021

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Endurance exercise induces an increase in the expression of exercise-induced peptides that participate in the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscles. The present study aimed to evaluate the time course and role of exercise-induced cytokines in muscle damage and repair after a marathon race. Fifty-seven Brazilian male amateur marathon finishers, aged 30–55 years, participated in this study. The blood samples were collected 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 and 72 h after the São Paulo International Marathon. The leukogram and muscle damage markers were analyzed using routine automated methodology in the clinical laboratory. The plasma levels of the exercise-induced cytokines were determined using the Human Magnetic Bead Panel or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays [decorin and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15)]. A muscle damage was characterized by an increase in plasma myocellular proteins and immune changes (leukocytosis and neutrophilia). Running the marathon increased interleukin (IL)-6 (4-fold), IL-8 (1.5-fold), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (2.4-fold), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (1.5-fold), IL-10 (11-fold), decorin (1.9-fold), GDF-15 (1.8-fold), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (2.7-fold), follistatin (2-fold), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF-21) (3.4-fold) plasma levels. We also observed a reduction in musclin, myostatin, IL-15, and apelin levels immediately after the race (by 22–36%), 24 h (by 26–52%), and 72 h after the race (by 25–53%). The changes in BDNF levels were negatively correlated with the variations in troponin levels (r = −0.36). The variations in IL-6 concentrations were correlated with the changes in follistatin (r = 0.33) and FGF-21 (r = 0.31) levels after the race and with myostatin and irisin levels 72 h after the race. The changes in IL-8 and IL-10 levels had positive correlation with variation in musclin (p < 0.05). Regeneration of exercise-induced muscle damage involves the participation of classical inflammatory mediators, as well as GDF-15, BDNF, follistatin, decorin, and FGF-21, whose functions include myogenesis, mytophagia, satellite cell activation, and downregulation of protein degradation. The skeletal muscle damage markers were not associated to myokines response. However, BDNF had a negative correlation with a myocardial damage marker. The classical anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6) induced by exercise are associated to myokines response immediately after the race and in the recovery period and may affect the dynamics of muscle tissue repair.

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“…Antagonistic to growth hormones, myostatin contributes to the determination of a set point of pre-programmed, yet adaptable level of muscle mass. Inconclusive results have been reported regarding the regulation of myostatin expression following chronic resistance exercise and the increase in muscle mass, and at least in some studies, myostatin expression even increases after acute exercise bouts ( Domin et al, 2021 ). It is therefore unclear whether a potential transient or chronic suppression of post -exercise and post -training levels, respectively, is part of the training effect.…”

Section: Resistance Training and The Skeletal Muscle Secretomementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations

et al. 2021

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Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and cellular adaptions not only in skeletal muscles, but also in many other organs such as the brain, liver, fat or bone. In addition to direct effects of exercise on these organs, the production and release of a plethora of different signaling molecules from skeletal muscle are a centerpiece of systemic plasticity. Most studies have so far focused on the regulation and function of such myokines in acute exercise bouts. In contrast, the secretome of long-term training adaptation remains less well understood, and the contribution of non-myokine factors, including metabolites, enzymes, microRNAs or mitochondrial DNA transported in extracellular vesicles or by other means, is underappreciated. In this review, we therefore provide an overview on the current knowledge of endurance and resistance exercise-induced factors of the skeletal muscle secretome that mediate muscular and systemic adaptations to long-term training. Targeting these factors and leveraging their functions could not only have broad implications for athletic performance, but also for the prevention and therapy in diseased and elderly populations.

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Effect of Various Exercise Regimens on Selected Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Healthy People

Cited by 60 publications

References 148 publications

Hypoxic and Hyperoxic Breathing as a Complement to Low-Intensity Physical Exercise Programs: A Proof-of-Principle Study

Hypoxic and Hyperoxic Breathing as a Complement to Low-Intensity Physical Exercise Programs: A Proof-of-Principle Study

Time Course and Role of Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Muscle Damage and Repair After a Marathon Race

The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations

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