Effect of wastewater spray irrigation on rotavirus infection rates in an exposed population

Ward, Richard L.; Knowlton, Douglas R.; Stober, Judy A.; Jakubowski, Walter; Mills, Tammy; Graham, Parrie; Camann, David

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(89)90115-2

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The association between rotavirus and waterborne gastroenteritis has highlighted the need for research on both the occurrence and fate of the virus in livestock waste, and aquatic and terrestrial systems (Pancorbo et al, 1987;Ward et al, 1989). A study by Reynolds et al (1986) of 490 calves with diarrhoea showed that rotavirus was the most frequently isolated causative agent, being responsible for > 50% of the recorded outbreaks.…”

Section: Rotavirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogens in livestock waste, their potential for movement through soil and environmental pollution

Mawdsley

Bardgett

Merry

et al. 1995

Applied Soil Ecology

241

155

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Livestock wastes contain many pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Following the application of these wastes to land the potential exists for environmental contamination. Plants, soil and ultimately water courses which may subsequently be used as catchments for public water supplies may all be affected. Research attention is now being focused on this possibility, especially in the case of protozoan pathogens which may be the most important as they are often resistant to current methods used in public water treatment. In this review we highlight some of the many factors that are likely to influence the degree of pollution by their effect on both the vertical and horizontal transport of microorganisms through soil. Soil pH, temperature, the presence of plants, microbial surface properties, type of waste, soil type and soil water content and flow may all affect the rate and extent of vertical transport, with the latter two generally considered to be the most important. Lateral movement is a particular problem in soils with impermeable substrata or in waterlogged conditions and in these cases the major factors affecting movement include rainfall rate, topography of the land and the rate at which microorganisms partition into the runoff.

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Section: Rotavirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogens in livestock waste, their potential for movement through soil and environmental pollution

Mawdsley

Bardgett

Merry

et al. 1995

Applied Soil Ecology

241

155

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“…, 2003). The maximum allowed total enteric viruses used in are 2.19 × 10 5 PFU/person‐year or 600 PFU/person‐day according to Ward et al. (1989).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The maximum allowable SL used in Equation (12d) is 58.1 million kg ⁄ year (Ayers and Westcot, 1994;Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 2000;Khalil et al, 2003). The maximum allowed total enteric viruses used in Equation (12e) are 2.19 · 10 5 PFU ⁄ person-year or 600 PFU ⁄ personday according to Ward et al (1989).…”

Section: Single Objective Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis of Treated Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Water Deficit Regions¹

Al-Juaidi

Kaluarachchi

Kim

2010

J American Water Resour Assoc

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Al‐Juaidi, Ahmed E., Jagath J. Kaluarachchi, and Ungtae Kim, 2010. Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis of Treated Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Water Deficit Regions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):395‐411. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00409.x Abstract: Coastal regions such as the Gaza Strip of Palestine with limited freshwater supply suffer significantly due to the rapid depletion of water levels, seawater intrusion, and increased water demands. In such regions, use of treated wastewater (TWW) is a viable option if public health issues are addressed. The goal of this paper is to address the use of TWW in agriculture while considering net benefit, economic efficiency of water use (EEWU), environmental goals, and public health risks. The proposed methodology considers public health risk assessment and multi‐criteria decision analysis to assess the beneficial use of TWW in agriculture. The methodology was demonstrated for the Gaza Strip. The health risk assessment suggests that increasing the elapsed time between irrigation and consumption and switching from surface to sprinkler and drip irrigation are practical measures to reduce public health risks. The optimization and decision analyses show that proper allocation of freshwater and TWW and distribution of land area by crop type can significantly increase the net benefit and EEWU. In most cases, net benefit increased by 44%, groundwater use reduced 29% while increasing the EEWU by threefold compared with the existing conditions. The multi‐criteria decision analysis with weighted goal programming can develop flexible management options that considers a given decision‐maker preference. When groundwater abstraction for agriculture reduced from 57 to 36 Mm3 as per decision analysis, the corresponding area below mean sea level decreased by 58% indicating significant aquifer recovery.

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“…The risks associated with microbial aerosol dispersion and the related impact on adjacent living communities have been reported elsewhere and are not included in current analysis (Applebaum et al 1984;Ward et al 1989). (Rose & Gerba 1991;Rose et al 1996;Tanaka et al 1998).…”

Section: Subsurface Drip Irrigation Characteritsicsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Minimizing health risks during secondary effluent application via subsurface drip irrigation

Oron¹,

Gillerman

Lael

et al. 2010

Water Science and Technology

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Health risks posed on consumers due to the use of agricultural products irrigated with reclaimed wastewater were assessed by numerical simulation. The analysis is based on defining of an Exposure Model (EM) which takes into account several parameters: (i) the quality of the applied wastewater, (ii) the irrigation method, (iii) the elapsed times between irrigation, harvest, and product consumption, and; (iv) the consumers' habits. The exposure model is used for numerical simulation of human consumers' risks by running the Monte Carlo simulation method. Although some deviations in the numerical simulation which are probably due to uncertainty (impreciseness in quality of input data) and variability due to diversity among populations reasonable results were accepted. Accordingly, there is a several orders of magnitude difference in the risk of infection between the different exposure scenarios with the same water quality. The variability indicates the need for setting risk-based criteria for wastewater reclamation, including the application method and environmental conditions, rather than single water quality guidelines. Extra data is required to decrease uncertainty in the risk assessment. Future research needs to include definite acceptable risk criteria, more accurate dose-response modeling, information regarding pathogen survival in treated wastewater, additional data related to the passage of pathogens into and in the plants during irrigation, and information referring to the consuming habits of the human community.

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Effect of wastewater spray irrigation on rotavirus infection rates in an exposed population

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

Pathogens in livestock waste, their potential for movement through soil and environmental pollution

Pathogens in livestock waste, their potential for movement through soil and environmental pollution

Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis of Treated Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Water Deficit Regions¹

Minimizing health risks during secondary effluent application via subsurface drip irrigation

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Effect of wastewater spray irrigation on rotavirus infection rates in an exposed population

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

Pathogens in livestock waste, their potential for movement through soil and environmental pollution

Pathogens in livestock waste, their potential for movement through soil and environmental pollution

Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis of Treated Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Water Deficit Regions1

Minimizing health risks during secondary effluent application via subsurface drip irrigation

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Product

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Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis of Treated Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Water Deficit Regions¹