Effect of X-rays on poly(vinylidene fluoride) in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Duca, Mariana D.; Plosceanu, Carmina L.; Pop, Tatiana

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980328)67:13<2125::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-g

Cited by 70 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…One extra peak at 287.6 eV is due to the impurities in the polymer present prior to loading ( Figure 10a). 47 Figure 10b shows the XPS of PVDF/GO composites. The C1s core spectrum clearly shows the aromatic CC binding energy (284 eV), aliphatic C−C binding energy (285 eV), carbonyl carbon CO at 287.1 eV, and the binding energy of C-F 2 species at 289.08 eV.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting Effects of Graphene Oxide and Poly(ethylenimine) on the Polymorphism in Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Sharma

Madras

Bose

2015

Crystal Growth & Design

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The nature of interaction between a heteronucleating agent (graphene oxide, GO) and a strongly polar macromolecule (poly(ethylenimine), PEI) with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) influencing the crystalline structure and morphology has been systematically investigated in this work. PEI interacts with PVDF via ion-dipole interaction, which helps in lowering the free energy barrier for nucleation thereby promoting faster crystallization. In contrast, besides interacting with PVDF, GO also promotes heteronucleation in PVDF. We observed that both GO and PEI have very different effects on the overall crystalline morphology of PVDF. For instance, the neat PVDF showed a mixture of both α and β phases when cooled from the melt. However, incorporation of 0.1 wt % GO resulted in phase transformation from the stable α-phase to polar β-polymorph in PVDF. In contrast, PEI, which also resulted in faster crystallization in PVDF predominantly, resulted in the stable α-phase. Various techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to confirm the phase transformations in PVDF. PEI was further grafted onto GO nanosheets to understand the combined effects of both GO and PEI on the polymorphism in PVDF. The PVDF/PEI−GO composite showed a mixture of phases, predominantly rich in α. These phenomenal effects were further analyzed and corroborated with the specific interaction between GO and PEI with PVDF using X-ray photon scattering (XPS) and NMR. In addition, the dielectric permittivity increased significantly in the presence of GO and PEI in the composites. For instance, PVDF/PEI−GO showed the highest permittivity of 39 at 100 Hz.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting Effects of Graphene Oxide and Poly(ethylenimine) on the Polymorphism in Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Sharma

Madras

Bose

2015

Crystal Growth & Design

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“…This capability promises a significant technological potential. Although the irradiation effects on PVDF due to monoenergetic X rays, UV, and ion beam have been reported previously [7]- [12], this paper presents, for the first time, these effects being exploited in synchrotron X ray (allows tuning of energy over a wide range) based microfabrication, similar, in principle, to a past work on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) or Teflon ® [13]. However, unlike Teflon ® , PVDF is not suitable to be used as an alternate X-ray resist in place of PMMA (for reasons which become evident later), but it is useful only in thin film (a few monolayers to a few micrometers) applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies on the irradiation effects on PVDF, induced by a variety of energetic sources, such as X rays (MgK -1253.6 eV) [7], UV (2.25-3.96 eV) [8], excimer lasers (ArF-6.4 eV and KrF-5 eV) [9] and ion beams (1 keV-100 MeV) [10]- [12], reported that PVDF undergoes dehydrofluorination upon irradiation. The formation of carbon double bond was observed following dehydrofluorination along with a possibility of crosslinking between monomer chains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer by direct photo etching of poly(vinylidene flouride) using X-rays

Manohara

Morikawa

Choi

et al. 1999

J. Microelectromech. Syst.

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A direct pattern transfer method has been developed by photo etching poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) using X rays (1-16 keV) from a synchrotron storage ring. The ability to pattern thin film of PVDF, a piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric polymer, has potential applications in the areas of MEMS, nonlinear optics, and nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memory technology. Without the use of any reactive chemical gas, a maximum etched depth in excess of 9 m is achieved. The etched depth for a given photon energy approaches saturation with respect to exposure time. An in situ mass spectrometry revealed the evolution of hydrogen, fluorine, and hydrogen fluoride species. The etched regions turned dark in color indicating a possible increase in the fraction of carbon atoms. The X-ray transmittance of photo etched PVDF approached that of a pure carbon as the exposure time is increased. Upon etching the root mean-square surface roughness of the etched portion increased by more than a factor of two. The rate of etching increased at elevated sample temperatures. [446]

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“…Poly (vinylidene £uoride) (PVDF), a polymer of large technological applicability, has been found to be surface-de£uorinated after prolonged exposure to X-rays, but not noticeably under the usual conditions of XPS analysis. 455 …”

Section: Polymers and Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

7 Radiation chemistry

Belloni

Delcourt

Houée-Levin⊥

et al. 2000

Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. C

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We try in this review to survey advances in all the aspects of Radiation Chemistry (the effects of high energy or ionizing radiation), both basic and applied, made during the period 1995^1999, after the last report issued at the end of 1994. 1 Classically, two main classes of studies are relevant. The ¢rst one includes the primary phenomena induced by the interaction of high-energy radiation with a chemical system. The way the energy is spatially deposited is indeed highly nonhomogeneous and depends on the type of radiation considered. Mutual reactions between the primary species produced also depend on their initial spatial distribution, and therefore on the energy absorption pattern. The kinetic aspects derive directly from the initial events following radiation absorption and thus, when observed at times as short as possible, give useful information on the early energy distribution for each of the radiation types, X-and g-photons, electrons and heavy particles, and, on the in£uence of their intensity and energy per particle.The second class of studies utilizes the background knowledge of radiation chemistry to generate and then to observe the fate of chemical transient species known to be involved in very important chemical or biochemical processes. Numerous data, such as the nature of reaction products, the absolute rate constants, the sequence of elementary reactions constituting a mechanism, and the thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties of short-lived species have been attained. This kind of study of transients and reaction mechanisms, which can be approached only by pulse techniques (essentially pulse radiolysis or laser photolysis, each with its speci¢c advantages), constitutes the new ¢eld of fast to ultrafast chemistry. It concerns extended domains of physical, organic, inorganic, and bio-chemistry. Moreover, the understanding of mechanisms is quite helpful in suggesting new ways of synthesis or degradation induced by irradiation and is now extensively used in developing various speci¢c processes in applied chemistry. The number of studies on the chemical mechanisms and in applied radiation chemistry constitutes an increased fraction of the total publications in radiation chemistry, which we estimate to be around 4000 over the period considered (almost constant compared to the preceding 5-year

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Effect of X-rays on poly(vinylidene fluoride) in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Cited by 70 publications

References 3 publications

Contrasting Effects of Graphene Oxide and Poly(ethylenimine) on the Polymorphism in Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Contrasting Effects of Graphene Oxide and Poly(ethylenimine) on the Polymorphism in Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Transfer by direct photo etching of poly(vinylidene flouride) using X-rays

7 Radiation chemistry

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