Effect of Xueniao Capsule on Escherichia coli-Induced Acute Pyelonephritis Rats by ¹H NMR-Based Metabolomic Approach

Abstract

Xueniao capsule, one of the famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas, has been proved to be effective for treating acute pyelonephritis (APN) in the clinic. However, the probable mechanisms are still unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the therapeutic effect and action mechanism of Xueniao capsule on acute pyelonephritis rats. Chemical analysis of Xueniao capsule and four different extracts was conducted by HPLC and GC-MS. 21 compounds were identified in the Xueniao capsule, and obvious chemical difference was also revealed among the different extracts by chemical analysis. Metabolomics, combined with bacteriological examination, traditional histopathology, and biochemical parameters, was used to evaluate the effects of Xueniao capsule and four different extracts. After treatment with Xueniao capsule, the bacterial count of urine was decreased and the renal lesions of APN rats were ameliorated by histopathology inspection. Levels of Scr and Ucr, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, CXCL-2, and MCP-1 were decreased significantly, and the reserving effect of Xueniao capsule was superior to the different extracts and norfloxacin. 16 endogenous metabolites related to APN model were revealed, and 12 of them could be reversed by the Xueniao capsule. 1H NMR metabolomic results demonstrated that the formula of Xueniao capsule played the best therapeutic role on APN through regulating energy metabolism and alterations of osmotic pressure. The effect of Xueniao capsule on the APN was the synergistic actions of multiple components, which need to be further investigated in future studies.

GuanXinNing Tablet Attenuates Alzheimer’s Disease via Improving Gut Microbiota, Host Metabolites, and Neuronal Apoptosis in Rabbits

“…The metabolites to be observed in the rabbit brain included the changes in N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA), glutamate complex (Glx), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (mI) levels, all of which were standardized to creatine (Cr) levels. All operations were performed according to previous research methods [ 24 , 25 ]. The frontal cortex and hippocampus in the brain were the regions of interest (ROI; Figure 3(a) ).…”

Szechwan Lovage Rhizome Extract Improves Renal Function and Alleviates Inflammatory Responses in Pyelonephritis Rats Infected with Escherichia Coli via IL-6/STAT3 Axis

“…In recent years, increasing clinical attention has been drawn to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) extracts. Extracting effective components from TCM monomer can not only retain the safety of the original TCM, but also enhance the clinical application effect of the drug, and make remarkable achievements in the treatment of various diseases (7,8). Among them, Szechwan Lovage Rhizome (Chuanxiong, CX), as a natural Chinese medicine component, has remarkable achievements in the Figureht against sclerosis, oxidation and apoptosis, and can significantly inhibit the occurrence of inflammatory responses (IRs) and bacterial infections (9).…”