Effect of Xylazine HCl and/or Ketamine HCl on the Tear Production in Clinically Healthy Dogs

Abdelhakiem, Mohammed Ahmed Hamdy; Elmeligy, Enas; Al-lethie, Al-lethie

doi:10.17582/journal.aavs/2019/7.11.1015.1020

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This finding corroborates other studies reporting that animals under deep anesthesia experience a reduced heart rate 15 min after ketamin-xylazine injection, irrespective of the use of levomepromazine as pre-anesthetic medication (Krause et al, 2016). In addition, the ketamine-xylazine combination is considered safe for maintaining the cardiorespiratory functions of dogs (Abdelhakiem et al, 2019). As observed in the present study, the xylazine-ketamine combination had a neutral effect on both HR and RR, causing non-significant changes (Abdelhakiem et al, 2019).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Combinación de ketamina y xilacina para reducir el dolor durante la electroeyaculación en perros

Santos¹,

Oliveira²,

Cunha³

et al. 2021

Pubvet

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The present study evaluated the efficiency of a ketamine-xylazine combination to attenuate the pain associated to electroejaculation (EEJ) in dogs. To that end, 10 dogs of undetermined breed were anesthetized (i.m.) with a mixture of 8mg.kg-1 ketamine hydrochloride (Cetamin®, Syntec, Brazil) and 1mg.kg-1 IM xylazine hydrochloride (Xilazin®, Syntec, Brazil) and subjected to EEJ procedures. Painful stimuli were detected by cardiorespiratory rate, measured every 5 min, and body temperature, taken before and after EEJ. Mean values for the parameters evaluated decreased, suggesting that the anesthesia protocol used is safe for semen collection by EEJ and can relieve the pain associated to this procedure.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Combinación de ketamina y xilacina para reducir el dolor durante la electroeyaculación en perros

Santos¹,

Oliveira²,

Cunha³

et al. 2021

Pubvet

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show abstract

“…It was reported that α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists, including medetomidine, decrease tear flow in many species, such as dogs, cats, horses, and pigs [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. The mechanism through which α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists decrease tear flow is not yet completely clarified, although local or systemic involvement of an α 2 -adrenoceptor was suggested in previous studies [28,31,32,34,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, some α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists, including medetomidine, are administered not only alone, but also in combination with other drugs, such as opioids, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine, and ketamine [3,5,6,8,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Although medetomidine and the other α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists used alone or in combination with other drugs have potent sedative or analgesic effects, they have been reported to significantly decrease tear flow in dogs [28][29][30][31][32], cats [33,34], horses [35,36], and pigs [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Intramuscular Medetomidine Administration on Tear Flow in Rats

Kanda

Mizoguchi

Furumoto

et al. 2020

Veterinary Sciences

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Medetomidine has been reported to decrease tear flow significantly in dogs, cats, and pigs when used as a sedative or analgesic; however, there are no such reports when it comes to rats. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of medetomidine on tear flow in rats. Medetomidine in doses of 50, 100, or 200 µg/kg or a physiological saline solution as the control, were administered intramuscularly to male Slc:Wistar/ST rats. After the administration of medetomidine, tear flow in both eyes was measured using a phenol red thread tear test. The area under the curve (AUC) of phenol red thread test values from baseline to 8 h was calculated. Data were plotted against the dose of medetomidine and simple linear regression analysis was performed. The effect of the drug on phenol red thread test values was considered dose-related when linear analysis yielded a significant relationship. In all medetomidine-treated groups, tear flow decreased significantly in both eyes after administration, while no significant changes were observed in either eye in the control group. The AUC values from baseline to 8 h after administration in groups treated with 100 and 200 µg/kg of medetomidine were significantly lower in both the left and right eyes compared to the control group. The linear regression of the AUC values was significant for both eyes. Our results indicated that the intramuscular administration of medetomidine in rats decreased tear flow significantly in a dose-dependent manner.

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“…The 3 mm tips of threads were placed on the medial canthus for 15 s. The length of the moistened area from the edge was measured as the phenol red thread test (PRTT) value. Tear flow was measured approximately 1 min before (Pre) and 5,10,15,20,25,30,45, and 60 min after medetomidine administration.…”

Section: Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not only do α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists, including medetomidine, act as sedatives or analgesics to relieve animals from fear, anxiety, or pain, they also attenuate excessive neurohormonal reaction to the noxious stimulus, which contributes to maintaining homeostasis [5][6][7][8]. On the other hand, α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists such as medetomidine, dexmedetomidine, detomidine, xylazine, and clonidine have been reported to decrease tear flow in many animal species, including dogs, cats, horses, pigs, and rats [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Insufficient tear flow may cause structural or functional issues on the ocular surface, including the cornea, which induces pain or irritation [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Doses of Atipamezole on Reversal of Medetomidine-Induced Tear-Flow Decrease in Rats

Kanda

Gotoh

Makino

et al. 2020

Veterinary Sciences

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It has been reported that α2-adrenoceptor agonists such as medetomidine decrease tear flow in many species, including rats. Few studies have investigated the involvement of α2-adrenoceptor in decreased tear flow; the issue has not been illustrated sufficiently. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of atipamezole on the reversal of medetomidine-induced tear-flow decrease to reveal the specific involvement of α2-adrenoceptor. Treatment with 400, 800, or 1600 µg/kg atipamezole (or saline as the control) was intramuscularly administered to rats 15 min following intramuscular administration of 200 µg/kg medetomidine. After medetomidine administration, tear flow was measured using a phenol red thread test (PRTT). PRTT values decreased significantly after 200 µg/kg medetomidine administration. The PRTT values after 800 (optimal dose to reverse) and 1600 µg/kg atipamezole administration reached baseline, but never exceeded it significantly. Treatment with 400 µg/kg atipamezole also reversed the decrease in PRTT value but the PRTT remained lower than baseline. The optimal dose and the higher dose of atipamezole fully reversed the medetomidine-induced decrease in tear flow to the baseline level in rats, while the lower dose of atipamezole partially recovered tear flow.

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Effect of Xylazine HCl and/or Ketamine HCl on the Tear Production in Clinically Healthy Dogs

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Combinación de ketamina y xilacina para reducir el dolor durante la electroeyaculación en perros

Combinación de ketamina y xilacina para reducir el dolor durante la electroeyaculación en perros

Effect of Intramuscular Medetomidine Administration on Tear Flow in Rats

Effect of Different Doses of Atipamezole on Reversal of Medetomidine-Induced Tear-Flow Decrease in Rats

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