Effect of yttrium hydride addition on microstructure and properties of powder metallurgy CM2 high speed steel

Processing Fundamentals and Performance Investigation of Selective Laser Melting of High‐Speed Steel in Reactive N2 Atmosphere

“…Notably, the bending strength of Q-T-III reaches 3,659 MPa and is noticeably higher than that of cast M3:2 [53] and M2 [55] steel, which is attributed to the fine-grain structure in SLM-processed steel, avoiding the problems related to coarse eutectic carbides in cast steels. Moreover, the Q-T-III has smaller grain sizes and finer precipitates compared to the high-speed steels produced by spray forming [54] and powder metallurgy, [56] thus displaying a higher bending strength. It can be concluded that the mechanical properties of SLM-produced high-speed steel in this study are comparable and even superior to conventionally produced materials.…”

“…In as-SLM-produced state, the S3 sample with fully austenitic microstructure has a lower hardness than other reported high-speed steels. [19,27] After post-SLM heat treatment, the Q-T-III sample exhibits an outstanding combination of strength and toughness due to the hardening of martensitic microstructure with high density of precipitates, with a hardness comparable to that of SLMproduced [20] and conventionally produced [53][54][55][56] materials. Notably, the bending strength of Q-T-III reaches 3,659 MPa and is noticeably higher than that of cast M3:2 [53] and M2 [55] steel, which is attributed to the fine-grain structure in SLM-processed steel, avoiding the problems related to coarse eutectic carbides in cast steels.…”

Characteristic analysis of high-speed steel powder prepared by gas atomisation

“…[7][8][9] The presence of segregation not only makes the forging and hot rolling of steel difficult, but also significantly reduces the strength and wear resistance of steel. 8 Powder metallurgy is an important alternative manufacturing route. The HSS produced by powder metallurgy (PMHSS) can effectively solve the problem of structure segregation and is conducive to the uniform dispersion of carbide in the matrix, with the advantages of uniform structure, small grains and less inclusions, greatly improving the mechanical properties, and service life.…”

“…1–6 However, due to the preferential precipitation of alloy carbides from the liquid during the solidification process of HSS prepared by the traditional casting process, a coarse segregation structure of ledeburite carbide will inevitably occur. 7–9 The presence of segregation not only makes the forging and hot rolling of steel difficult, but also significantly reduces the strength and wear resistance of steel. 8 Powder metallurgy is an important alternative manufacturing route.…”

Effects of sintering temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of S390 powder metallurgy high-speed steel

“…As technology and industry advance, the application of powder metallurgy (PM) technology in manufacturing HSS has refined the size and distribution of carbides, which has also allowed for the production of PMHSS with a higher alloy content. The powder metallurgy process has the potential to eliminate the segregation of carbides, and the different consolidation techniques might be doing this, such as hot isostatic pressing (HIP) (Benito et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2021), spark plasma sintering (SPS) (Hu et al, 2022;Madej et al, 2022), and metal injection molding (MIM) (Herranz et al, 2017;Mukund and Hausnerova, 2020). In contrast to other PM processes, the SPS technique, in which temperature and uniaxial pressure are simultaneously applied to the powder, has the advantages of a short sintering time and a low sintering temperature, and the Joule heating effect and electric field effect caused by pulsed direct current accelerate the consolidation process (Zhang et al, 2017;Shen et al, 2019;Zeng et al, 2019;Shen et al, 2020).…”