Effect of Zr–Ti deoxidisation on the hydrogen-induced cracking of X65 pipeline steels

Du, Yan-Jun; Wu, Kaiming; Cheng, Lin; Li, Y.; Isayev, Oleg; Hress, O.

doi:10.1080/02670836.2016.1157971

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…PK942TiZr has a MnS attached, ZrO 2 provides the nucleation sites for MnS as they have small misfit in the lattice parameters. 16,23 This is why zirconium additions are known to improve the impact toughness through sulphide modification. 10 The SEM EDS results show that the complexity of the non-metallic inclusions is increased with Ti, Zr and Ti+Zr de-oxidation.…”

Section: Edsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[10][11][12][13][14][15] The use of both titanium and zirconium are known to reduce the size and improve the distribution of oxide inclusions in steel. 16 The present investigation was undertaken with the objective of determining the effect of small additions of Zr, Ti and the combination of both elements, on the size, distribution and composition of inclusions in PK942 steel grade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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De-oxidation of PK942 steel with Ti and Zr

Koležnik¹,

Burja²,

Batič³

et al. 2017

Mater. Tehnol.

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The effects of titanium and zirconium additions on the non-metallic inclusions and microstructure of PK942 (X11CrNiMo12) steel were investigated. Laboratory steel charges with additions of Ti, Zr and a combination of both elements were melted. The inclusions' size, quantity, distribution and composition were analysed using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Other than the difference in d-ferrite quantity, there are no significant differences in the microstructure. The Ti and Zr additions had a significant effect on the non-metallic inclusions, and while the addition of Ti did have an effect on the composition of inclusions, the addition of Zr also had a great effect on the size distribution and the number of non-metallic inclusions. The result of the Zr addition was a large reduction in the total non-metallic inclusion surface area. The additions of both titanium and zirconium had similar effects to the addition of Zr. Thermodynamic reactions were considered to explain the modification of the non-metallic inclusions. Keywords: non-metallic inclusions, clean steel, de-oxidation with Ti, de-oxidation with Zr, creep resistant steel S pomo~jo opti~ne ter elektronske mikroskopije se je preiskal vpliv dezoksidacije jekla PK942 (X11CrNiMo12) s cirkonijem, titanom ter kombinacijo obeh. Poudarek raziskave je bil na spremembi velikosti, razporeditve ter sestave nekovinskih vklju~kov v jeklu PK942. Razen v majhni razliki dele`a d-ferita, ni bilo bistvenega vpliva na osnovno mikrostrukturo jekla. Ve~ji vpliv pa se je pokazal na velikost, {tevilo ter kemi~no sestavo nekovinskih vklju~kov. Analiza nekovinskih vklju~kov je pokazala, da Ti vpliva predvsem na kemi~no sestavo, med tem ko ima Zr zelo velik vpliv tudi na velikostno porazdelitev ter {tevilo nekovinskih vklju~kov, rezultat~esar je manj{i skupni povr{inski dele`nekovinskih vklju~kov. Dodatek kombinacije Zr in Ti ima podoben vpliv kot dodatek Zr, vendar v manj{em obsegu. Pri razlagi modifikacije vklju~kov so se upo{tevale osnovne termodinami~ne reakcije oksidacije.

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Section: Edsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

De-oxidation of PK942 steel with Ti and Zr

Koležnik¹,

Burja²,

Batič³

et al. 2017

Mater. Tehnol.

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“…Zirconium additions are known to modify manganese sulphide inclusion [14] by forming nuclei for the formation of smaller yet more numerous MnS, and they also promote the precipitation of small nitride, carbide and carbonitride particles that cause grain refinement [14][15][16], and reduce the grain growth during high temperature annealing [17] and in the heat-affected zone during welding [18,19]. Zirconium is known to reduce the size of oxide non-metallic inclusions, and improve their distribution in the steel matrix, thus improving steel cleanliness [20,21]. Zirconium oxides are also heterogeneous nucleation sites for austenite during solidification, therefore they inhibit δ-ferrite formation [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Zr Additions on Non-Metallic Inclusions in X11CrNiMo12 Steel

Burja

Koležnik

Batič

et al. 2020

Metals

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The production of clean steel is associated with high-quality steel grades for demanding applications. The formation of oxide inclusions mainly depends on the deoxidation practice; it is usually carried out through Al additions, but alumina inclusions can have detrimental effects. An alternative zirconium inclusion modification was used in a creep-resistant steel to improve the cleanliness of laboratory-made steel. The thermodynamics behind the inclusion modification are presented, the reaction products are identified and the steel cleanliness improvement is quantified. The resulting influence of zirconium addition on non-metallic inclusions and mechanical properties is discussed. While the Zr additions drastically reduce the non-metallic inclusion size and area, additions above a certain amount result in the formation of zirconium nitrides that ultimately soften the martensitic steel due to the depletion of nitrogen in solid solution.

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“…In practice, the ultimate tensile strength of X80 is usually in the range 700-750 MPa 3 and will be dependent on the test orientation. 4 By 'killing' X65 steel with Zr and Ti (as opposed to Al), Du et al 5 managed to introduce a more uniform microstructure, particularly with respect to centreline segregation, so the steel performed better in hydrogen induced cracking tests. The Zr-Ti oxides apparently acted as nucleation sites leading to reduced banding.…”

Section: H K D H Bhadeshiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced metallic alloys for the fossil fuel industries

Bhadeshia

2016

Materials Science and Technology

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The fossil fuel industries are currently in crisis, for some rather strange reasons. The introduction of new technologies for extracting oil and gas has resulted in a decrease in market share for some of the middle eastern countries. They have therefore flooded the market with cheap oil in order to force the more expensive producers out of business. This has had consequences on investment in research and development because the focus shifts to survival rather than to the extreme engineering required to exploit more difficult deposits. Nevertheless, this crisis is necessarily a temporary affair and the need for better materials will not diminish in the long term.This special issue contains a number of papers on steels used in the manufacture of a variety of pipes. The American Petroleum Institute classifies linepipe steels as Grade A, B and X, 1 where the last grade has the most stringent requirements specified, with particular attention to toughness. The letter 'X' refers to chemical compositions containing chromium, copper, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, niobium, titanium, vanadium and zirconium either singly or in combination along with nitrogen and/or phosphorus if desired. It also represents a 10-20 ksi spread between the minimum yield and tensile strengths. The two digits after 'X' specify the minimum yield strength requirement of the steel in ksi 2 ; X80 therefore has a minimum yield strength of 80 ksi (555 MPa). In practice, the ultimate tensile strength of X80 is usually in the range 700-750 MPa 3 and will be dependent on the test orientation. 4

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Effect of Zr–Ti deoxidisation on the hydrogen-induced cracking of X65 pipeline steels

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

De-oxidation of PK942 steel with Ti and Zr

De-oxidation of PK942 steel with Ti and Zr

Effect of Zr Additions on Non-Metallic Inclusions in X11CrNiMo12 Steel

Advanced metallic alloys for the fossil fuel industries

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