Effective Biobased Phosphorus Flame Retardants from Starch-Derived bis-2,5-(Hydroxymethyl)Furan

Abstract

A series of biobased phosphorus flame retardants has been prepared by converting starch-derived bis-2,5-(hydroxymethyl)furan to the corresponding diacrylate followed by Michael addition of phosphite to generate derivatives with phosphorus moieties attached via P–C bonds. All compounds behave as effective flame retardants in DGEBA epoxy resin. The most effective is the DOPO derivative, 2,5-di[(3-dopyl-propanoyl)methyl]furan. When incorporated into a DGEBA blend at a level to provide 2% phosphorus, a material displaying a LOI of 30, an UL 94 rating of V0 and a 40% reduction in combustion peak heat release rate compared to that for resin containing no additive is obtained. The analogous compounds generated from bisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A exhibit similar flame-retarding properties.

Recent advances in the development of green furan ring-containing polymeric materials based on renewable plant biomass

“…333 Additionally, even in the absence of polymerizable fragments, phosphate-modified furans can be used as monomeric flame retardant additives for DGEBA modification. 334…”

Recent Advances in the Development of Fire-Resistant Biocomposites—A Review

“…Organophosphorus fire retardants are non-toxic and ecologically benign [ 141 , 142 ]. They have significantly lower toxicity than their organohalogen competitors, and may be made more effective by adding other components like sulfur, boron, nitrogen, or silicon [ 143 ]. In matrices which have an oxygen or nitrogen atom backbone, phosphorus and nitrogen-based chemicals are potential solutions when it comes to FR additions [ 65 ].…”

Outstanding flame retardancy for poly(vinyl alcohol) achieved using a resveratrol/tannic acid complex

“…[1][2][3]7,8 Effective biobased organophosphorus ame retardants based on a variety natural source have been developed. 9 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is the only biodegradable polymer that contains exclusively carbon atoms in the mainchain. 10 PVA has been widely used in various elds, such as paper coating, adhesive formulation and glue production, etc., because of the properties of biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, excellent lmforming properties, cross-linking potential and crystallization propensity.…”

“… 1–3,7,8 Effective biobased organophosphorus flame retardants based on a variety natural source have been developed. 9 …”