“…The associated processes include desiliconisation, desulphurisation, and dephosphorisation, and they involve the use of effective agents (e.g. O 2 , Fe x O, and CaC 2 ) with injection technology or mechanical stirring [5][6][7]. Metallurgical units and vessels, such as pig iron runner, torpedo car, transfer ladle, and BOF, are used for pretreatment processes, and the combined employments of vessels differ across various steel plants.…”