Effective dose and energy imparted in diagnostic radiology

Huda, Walter; Gkanatsios, Nikolaos A.

doi:10.1118/1.598153

Cited by 65 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Inspection of the data generated by Atherton and Huda (1996) for single 5-mm sections in axial CT examinations shows that values of EIE as a function of location on the head-toe axis for an anthropomorphic phantom approached the same value of -3 mSv/J for the head region as well as for the thigh region below the male gonads. The lowest value of 68 radiographic examinations reported by Huda and Gkanatsios (1997) was 4.6 mSv/J for a lateral cervical spine examination, -50% higher than observed at the periphery of a Rando phantom undergoing single section CT scans. The head and extremity regions differ in that the former region contains significant amounts of red bone marrow whereas the latter region generally has negligible amounts of red bone marrow (Cristy 1981).…”

Section: Effective Dose (Adult)mentioning

confidence: 52%

“…The effective dose is conceptually similar to the effective dose equivalent (ICW 1977), and ratios of the effective dose equivalent to effective dose have been published for common radiographic examinations (Huda et al 1991;Huda and Gkanatsios 1997). Since the effective dose may be taken as an approximate measure of the stochastic radiation risk, it may be used to quantify the amount of radiation received by patients undergoing diagnostic examinations (Wall et al 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Effective dose data for extremity x-ray examinations are presently not available for either adult or pediatric patients. The approach developed by Huda and Gkanatsios (1997), which provided data for EIE ratios for 68 different types of x-ray examinations, may be extended to extremity radiographic procedures provided an El€ ratio is available for use with such procedures. In this study, we propose an upper limit on the value of the EIE ratio for use in extremity radiographic procedures based on patient dosimetry data obtained from CT scans of the head and upper thigh regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiation Dosimetry for Extremity Radiographs

Huda

Gkanatsios²

1998

Health Physics

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The energy imparted, epsilon, to a patient undergoing an extremity x-ray examination may be obtained from the dose-area product incident on the patient. Values of energy imparted can be subsequently converted into the corresponding effective dose, E, using an extremity specific E/epsilon ratio. In this study, an E/epsilon ratio of 3 mSv/J was used to convert values of energy imparted into the corresponding upper limit of adult effective doses for all types of extremity examinations. A modification factor, based on the patient mass, was employed to determine the corresponding extremity effective doses to pediatric patients undergoing extremity examinations. Representative clinical technique factors for six common extremity examinations (hand, forearm, elbow, ankle, tibia/fibula, knee) were used to determine the dose-area product and the corresponding values of energy imparted. For adult extremity x-ray examinations, values of energy imparted ranged from 55 microJ to 920 microJ, with the energy imparted to 1-y-old patients being a factor of about 20 lower. Upper limits of effective doses for adult extremity x-ray examinations ranged from 0.17 to 2.7 microSv, whereas the corresponding doses to 1-y-old patients were about a factor of three lower.

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Section: Effective Dose (Adult)mentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiation Dosimetry for Extremity Radiographs

Huda

Gkanatsios²

1998

Health Physics

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“…Effective radiation dose values were estimated for each type of diagnostic examination based on the methodology provided in the peer-reviewed diagnostic radiology literature (15,16). This methodology requires knowledge of typical exposure protocols for a given examination type and measured radiation output for a given radiation machine.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Radiation Exposure in Trauma Patients at a Level I Trauma Center

Sharma

Oswanski

Sidhu

et al. 2011

The Journal of Emergency Medicine

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“…Note more exact calculations of dose could be performed 5,6 , however, we have simplified the presentation to get at first order effects. Let us suppose that we place an x-ray attenuator with an attenuation factor of exp(-ε) in the beam, and that the attenuator has a circular opening in it of radius r ROI .…”

Section: A Dose Reduction In Roi-ctmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward region of interest computer tomography

et al. 2009

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Computed Tomography (CT) is widely used in the modern clinical settings. In certain procedures, the region of interest (ROI) is often considerably smaller than the imaged field of view (FOV), thereby subjecting the patient to extra dose. For these procedures, we propose a method of filtered region-of-interest (FROI) CT. In this procedure, a predetermined ROI is imaged with standard x-ray intensity, while surrounding areas are imaged using a substantial lower x-ray intensity by interposing an x-ray attenuator in the beam.For the FROI-CT acquisitions in this study, a gadolinium filter with a circular central opening is placed in the x-ray beam of a standard clinical rotational angiography system. The resulting image contains a high intensity ROI, a low intensity region surrounding the ROI, and a transition region between these two. Three-dimensional reconstruction using these images would result in artifacts. Therefore, the intensities in the images are equalized prior to reconstruction. To equalize the intensities, first two images are obtained, one unfiltered and one with a filter in place. The corresponding data in the two images are used in a linear least-squares fit to determine the equalization function. The transition region is equalized using a radial filter technique, based on a comparison of the data on either side of the transition region after intensity equalization. The technique was evaluated using rotational angiographic sequences of a head phantom obtained with and without the filter in place.Differences between conventional (unfiltered) and FROI-equalized images of the head phantom were approximately 5%. Differences in reconstructed images (conventional and FROI) were 7% on average inside the reconstructed ROI. These results are comparable to those obtained for two separate standard acquisitions. A 50% dose reduction was obtained for a 50% FOV radius for the filter. These results indicate that FROI-CT can provide the physician with the image detail comparable to conventional image acquisition while reducing dose to the patient.

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Effective dose and energy imparted in diagnostic radiology

Cited by 65 publications

References 24 publications

Radiation Dosimetry for Extremity Radiographs

Radiation Dosimetry for Extremity Radiographs

Analysis of Radiation Exposure in Trauma Patients at a Level I Trauma Center

Toward region of interest computer tomography

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