Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels

Madrigal, Javier; Guijarro, Mercedes; Hernando, Carmen; Díez, Carmen; Marino, Eva

doi:10.1007/s10694-010-0165-x

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Most of the studies that have addressed the impacts of thinning on C budgets in pine ecosystems have reported the responses only on living pine biomass [76,[85][86][87][88]; few studies have reported the impacts of thinning on total in situ C [89][90][91][92]. All the previously cited studies concluded that there was a reduction in pine stand or total in situ C after thinning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Flexible Hybrid Model of Life Cycle Carbon Balance for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Management Systems

Gonzalez‐Benecke

Martin

Jokela

et al. 2011

Forests

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Abstract:In this study we analyzed the effects of silvicultural treatments on carbon (C) budgets in Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) plantations in the southeastern United States. We developed a hybrid model that integrated a widely used growth and yield model for loblolly pine with published allometric and biometric equations to simulate in situ C pools. The model used current values of forest product conversion efficiencies and forest product decay rates to calculate ex situ C pools. Using the model to evaluate the effects of silvicultural management systems on C sequestration over a 200 year simulation period, we concluded that site productivity (site quality), which can be altered by silviculture and genetic improvement, was the major factor controlling stand C density. On low productivity sites, average net C stocks were about 35% lower than in stands with the default average site quality; in contrast, on high quality sites, C stocks were about 38% greater than average productivity stands. If woody products were incorporated into the accounting, thinning was C positive because of the larger positive effects on ex situ C storage, rather than smaller reductions on in situ C storage. The use of biological rotation age (18 years) was not suitable for C sequestration, and extended rotation ages were found to increase stand C stock density. Stands with an 18-year-rotation length had 7% lower net C density than stands with a 22-year-rotation length; stands with a 35-year-rotation length had only 4% more C than stands harvested at age 22 years. The C sequestered in woody products was an important pool of C storage, accounting for ~34% of the average net C stock. Changes in decomposition rate, associated with possible environmental changes OPEN ACCESSForests 2011, 2 750 resulting from global climate change, affected C storage capacity of the forest. When decay rate was reduced to 10% or increased to 20%, the C stock in the dead pool (forest floor and coarse woody debris) was reduced about 11.8 MgC·ha −1 or increased about 13.3 MgC·ha −1 , respectively, compared to the average decay rate of 15%. The C emissions due to silvicultural and harvest activities were small (~1.6% of the gross C stock) compared to the magnitude of total stand C stock. The C model, based on empirical and biological relationships, appears appropriate for use in regional C stock assessments for loblolly pine plantation ecosystems in the southern U.S.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Flexible Hybrid Model of Life Cycle Carbon Balance for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Management Systems

Gonzalez‐Benecke

Martin

Jokela

et al. 2011

Forests

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“…1) which create an open area (63% porosity) for inlet combustion gases in order to simulate a more realistic rapid flaming combustion and to approximate the test conditions to 3D reality. This methodology has been applied to forest fuels, with quite accurate results (Schemel et al 2008;Madrigal et al 2009Madrigal et al , 2011a, and is considered a good method for characterizing flammability outputs related to physical processes such as convection and transport of combustion gases. The samples were exposed to a constant heat flux of 50 kW/m 2 ; a piloted ignition was used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2) and curves analysed in order to determine the flammability parameters (Smith 1996). All variables were calculated during the flaming phase because such data can be considered more representative of wildfire behaviour (Babrauskas 2006;Madrigal et al 2011a).…”

Section: Flammability Parameters and Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the complexity of 'real-world' conditions must be considered in model development (Beverly and Wotton 2007). The 3D shape of plant samples affects how they are heated by convection and radiation (White and Zipperer 2010), which in turn affects their flammability (Schemel et al 2008;Madrigal et al 2009Madrigal et al , 2011a. Baeza et al (2002) observed differences between young and mature stands of another type of gorse shrubland (Ulex parviflorus Pourr.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the flammability of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) managed by prescribed burning

Madrigal

Marino

Guijarro

et al. 2011

Annals of Forest Science

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“…Certain problems of HC data direct use for building materials in real fire analysis are reported, for instance in [39,40]. One of the most common problems occurs for charring materials, for which the heat of combustion of volatiles is not equal to that of the whole material.…”

Section: Concept Of Modified Heat Of Combustion and Its Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustability of building products versus fire safety

Fangrat

2016

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

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Abstract. The combustion process is described and analysed based on the experimental results in the context of building fire safety. Data are obtained by means of five standard methods: ISO 5657 ignitability test, ISO 5657 cone calorimeter, ISO 9705 room corner test, EN ISO 1716 small calorimeter, and EN ISO 1182 small furnace. Various categories of building products were tested: cellulose based products (particle boards, plywoods), solid wood, floor coverings, concrete, ceramics, insulations (thermal and/or acoustic), boards (wall/ceiling), mortars, adhesives, and thin coatings. The studied products exhibited very different fire properties from non-combustible to easily combustible. In order to more effectively differentiate non-combustibles and combustibles within building products, the modified heat of combustion was calculated using all test results according to EN ISO 1716 and EN ISO 1182. The revision of criteria for Euro class A1 and A2 is proposed to obtain more realistic reaction-to-fire evaluation. In conclusion, it is advised to use single limit for heat of combustion for A1 and A2 Euro class. The proposed approach for modified heat of combustion is a convenient tool for the fast and cost-effective initial test method for non-combustibility evaluation and seems to be the proper method for distinguishing between non-combustibles and combustibles within building products. It is a better reflection of the real physical process of combustion than the current one. The third A1 criterion is questionable, regarding time to auto-ignition in EN ISO 1182 cylindrical furnace. The measurement for gross heat of combustion by EN ISO 1716 method is proposed for all Euro classes of building products with different limit values.

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Effective Heat of Combustion for Flaming Combustion of Mediterranean Forest Fuels

Cited by 37 publications

References 16 publications

A Flexible Hybrid Model of Life Cycle Carbon Balance for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Management Systems

A Flexible Hybrid Model of Life Cycle Carbon Balance for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Management Systems

Evaluation of the flammability of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) managed by prescribed burning

Combustability of building products versus fire safety

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