Effective Pretreatment of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Biomass Using a Low-Cost Ionic Liquid (Triethylammonium Hydrogen Sulfate): Optimization by Response Surface Methodology–Box Behnken Design

Abstract

Recently, dealing with generated heavy metal-contaminated biomasses (HMCBs) harvested from phytoextraction process has drawn increasing attention. In this study, the feasibility of an HMCB (willow) pretreatment using a low-cost ionic liquid (IL), namely, triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate [TEA]­[HSO4], is investigated to remove the high contents of HMs prior to further thermochemical and biological valorization. The operating variables were temperature (75–105 °C), IL:biomass (10:1–30:1) ratio, and time (4–8 h) with constant feedstock particle size (0.35 mm). According to results obtained from response surface methodology–Box Behnken design (RSM–BBD), the optimum conditions of the IL-based pretreatment of HMCB for maximum HMs’ removal are temperature, 93 °C; IL:biomass ratio, 30:1; and time, 7.12 h. Under the optimum conditions, the IL is found to solubilize lignin and hemicellulose respectively about 70.54% and 92.56%; and subsequently, effective removal of HMs from HMCB is obtained (Cu, 100%; Zn, 88.77%; Mn, 79.70%; Fe, 73.11%; Cd, 70.42%; Al, 34.53%; and Cr, 18.17%), while Pb removal is negligible. The average amount of confidence intervals of developed models is ∼95%, and generally, the ratio of IL:biomass shows a higher effect on the efficiency of biomass fractionation and HMs’ removal, compared with temperature and time; however, interactions between the operating parameters are negligible.

High CO2 absorption in new amine based-transition-temperature mixtures (deep eutectic analogues) and reporting thermal stability, viscosity and surface tension: Response surface methodology (RSM)

“…This efficient method of DOE can be also used for modeling and optimizing processes. 15,16,28,49,[57][58][59] This method was applied to study the effect of temperature (T/K) and HBA mass fraction (wHBA) as two important factors on the responses such as viscosity and surface tension of TTMs. Table S2 lists these input factors along with their respective levels.…”

Rhododendron and Japanese Knotweed: invasive species as innovative crops for second generation biofuels for the ionoSolv process

“…19 Ionic liquid based pretreatments have been used successfully on a variety of dedicated energy crops or agricultural waste to produce bioenergy. [19][20][21] There are several approaches for utilising lignocellulosic biomass and a wide range of ionic liquids can be used. [21][22][23][24][25] The dissolution process uses ionic liquids, with a strong hydrogen bond basicity anion (oen imidazolium based), for the whole dissolution of the biomass and subsequent isolation of the compounds.…”

“…[19][20][21] There are several approaches for utilising lignocellulosic biomass and a wide range of ionic liquids can be used. [21][22][23][24][25] The dissolution process uses ionic liquids, with a strong hydrogen bond basicity anion (oen imidazolium based), for the whole dissolution of the biomass and subsequent isolation of the compounds. 23,[26][27][28][29][30] The 'one pot process' uses biocompatible ionic liquids such as ethanolamine acetate.…”

Chemical Soil-Biological Engineering Theoretical Foundations, Technical Means, and Technology for Safe Intrasoil Waste Recycling and Long-Term Higher Soil Productivity

“…The high-level improved algorithms of biosphere strategic management in agronomy, irrigation, and environmental practices can be obtained using the basis of the safe soil application of contaminants. 6 The high potential nature-based up-to-date chemical soil engineering technology development will be possible, focusing on physical, chemical, and complex biological living systems of the soil. Carbon and other chemical element loss from active biosphere to other bioinert geospheres, which is dangerous for the life prospect on the Earth, will be reduced.…”