Effective reduction of graphene oxide using sulfur dioxide-containing chemical compounds

Abstract

The success of the graphene oxide reduction process depends on how similar the product is to pristine graphene. Sulfur oxide, which is a significant industrial waste gas, can be used in the reduction of graphene oxide. In this study, the graphene oxide reduction process was performed by using sulfur oxide with sodium tetraborate decahydrate, l-ascorbic acid, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium borohydride and sodium thiosulfate. The carbon-to-oxygen atomic ratio and D-to-G peak ratio of the graphene oxide, which represent the degree of reduction, were 2.64-4 and 0.78-1.80 with the use of sulfur oxide, respectively. The sulfur oxide/sodium borohydride mixture increased the carbon-to-oxygen atomic ratio of the graphene oxide to 11.73, while improving the value of the D-to-G peak ratio at 3.14. The reduced graphene oxide with the highest specific heat capacity was obtained using sodium tetraborate decahydrate, with an improvement of 74.54% compared to graphene oxide. The results show that sulfur oxide, which is harmful to the environment and human health, can be utilized in an effective reduction process, together with other reducing chemicals, to obtain an industrially valuable material, such as reduced graphene oxide.

Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications

“…Common chemical approaches reduce GO with hydrazine, ,, but the scalability of this approach is limited. To overcome this, methods using ascorbic acid, , sodium borohydride, − ethanol, − H 2 , , SO 2 , and hydroquinone , have been developed. Besides chemical approaches, thermal reduction in the presence of inert gas is also possible, − as is ultraviolet light reduction. − Microwave-assisted versions of chemical and thermal reductions can also be employed .…”

A Green Method to Prepare a Highly Concentrated Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) Dispersion and Its Anti‐Ultraviolet Radiation Property in RGO‐Modified Cotton Fabric

“…Since the observation of graphene with two-dimensional honeycomb lattice structure by mechanical stripping of graphite in 2004, [1,2] graphene has been attracted much attention due to its high specific surface area, superior mechanical strength, prominent thermal and electrical conductivities. [3,4] Graphene has wide applications across fields of supercapacitors, [5] composites, [6] catalyst, [7] corrosion preventions, [8] biosensors, [9] and biomedicine. [10] During the past decades, strategies to produce graphene include: mechanical or ultrasonic exfoliation, [11] laser irradiation, [12] microbial reduction, [13] chemical vapor deposition (CVD), [14] solvothermal reduction, [15] and chemical reduction of dispersed graphene oxide (GO).…”

“…Since the observation of graphene with two‐dimensional honeycomb lattice structure by mechanical stripping of graphite in 2004, [1,2] graphene has been attracted much attention due to its high specific surface area, superior mechanical strength, prominent thermal and electrical conductivities [3,4] . Graphene has wide applications across fields of supercapacitors, [5] composites, [6] catalyst, [7] corrosion preventions, [8] biosensors, [9] and biomedicine [10] .…”