Effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment of salmonid rickettsial septicaemia in commercial salmon and trout farms in Chile

Happold, Jonathan; Meyer, Anne; Sadler, Rohan; Cowled, Brendan D.; Mackenzie, Catriona; Stevenson, Mark; Ward, Michael P.; Lagno, Alicia L. Gallardo; Cameron, Angus

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735323

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Another example in salmonids is the attempt to set up a data integration platform described by Meyer et al [ 75 ]. The use of animal production commercial data for research can significantly increase access to quality data with excellent coverage in time and space of the populations of interest, as shown by studies included in this work such as analyses conducted in the Chile salmonid industry [ 76 , 77 ] and in the Canadian dairy industry [ 78 ]. The confidentiality level required for these datasets as well as barriers to data sharing related to competitiveness and anti-trust regulation aspects suggest that there could be a fundamental incompatibility between the principles of open-access data and the use of commercial data for research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the FAIRness assessments strictly focus on the digital object itself, and therefore do not assess other aspects of compliance with generic data management good practices, such as data curation and governance. The salmonid data platforms used in some of the studies [ 74 , 76 , 77 ] show the progress made by producers and data users to explore new ways of managing data, which require data curation and governance aspects to be defined in a collaborative manner. The FAIR principles also do not consider discipline-specific attributes which may be considered critical.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic review of the status of veterinary epidemiological research in two species regarding the FAIR guiding principles

Meyer

Faverjon²,

Hostens

et al. 2021

BMC Vet Res

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Background The FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles were proposed in 2016 to set a path towards reusability of research datasets. In this systematic review, we assessed the FAIRness of datasets associated with peer-reviewed articles in veterinary epidemiology research published since 2017, specifically looking at salmonids and dairy cattle. We considered the differences in practices between molecular epidemiology, the branch of epidemiology using genetic sequences of pathogens and hosts to describe disease patterns, and non-molecular epidemiology. Results A total of 152 articles were included in the assessment. Consistent with previous assessments conducted in other disciplines, our results showed that most datasets used in non-molecular epidemiological studies were not available (i.e., neither findable nor accessible). Data availability was much higher for molecular epidemiology papers, in line with a strong repository base available to scientists in this discipline. The available data objects generally scored favourably for Findable, Accessible and Reusable indicators, but Interoperability was more problematic. Conclusions None of the datasets assessed in this study met all the requirements set by the FAIR principles. Interoperability, in particular, requires specific skills in data management which may not yet be broadly available in the epidemiology community. In the discussion, we present recommendations on how veterinary research could move towards greater reusability according to FAIR principles. Overall, although many initiatives to improve data access have been started in the research community, their impact on the availability of datasets underlying published articles remains unclear to date.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review of the status of veterinary epidemiological research in two species regarding the FAIR guiding principles

Meyer

Faverjon²,

Hostens

et al. 2021

BMC Vet Res

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“…In Chile, where this disease is endemic, it accounted for more than 50% of the total farmed Atlantic salmon infectious disease-related mortalities in the first semester of 2020 and 2021[24]. SRS causes significant mortalities and morbidity in the seawater stage of the production cycle, and results in annual loses of US$300M – US$700M, hence making it one of the biggest problems faced by the Chilean salmon aquaculture industry [25–27]. To date, several strategies have been applied to prevent or control the disease, including vaccination, reduced stocking densities, antimicrobial treatments and increased biosecurity at farms [27, 28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of Piscirickettsia Salmonis infection on genome-wide DNA methylation profile in Atlantic Salmon

Mukiibi

Peñaloza

Gutiérrez

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Salmon rickettsial septicaemia (SRS), caused by the intracellular bacteria Piscirickettsia Salmonis, generates significant mortalities to farmed Atlantic salmon, particularly in Chile. Due to its economic importance, a wealth of research has focussed on the biological mechanisms underlying pathogenicity of P. salmonis, the host response, and genetic variation in host resistance. DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic mechanism that influences almost every biological process via the regulation of gene expression and plays a key role in the response of an organism to stimuli. In the current study, the role of head kidney and liver DNA methylation in the response to P. salmonis infection was investigated in a commercial Atlantic salmon population. A total of 66 salmon were profiled using reduced representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS), with head kidney and liver methylomes compared between infected animals (3 and 9 days post infection) and uninfected controls. These included groups of salmon with divergent (high or low) breeding values for resistance to P. salmonis infection, to examine the influence of genetic resistance. Head kidney and liver showed organ-specific global methylation patterns, but with similar distribution of methylation across gene features. Integration of methylation with RNA-Seq data revealed that methylation levels predominantly showed a negative correlation with gene expression, although positive correlations were also observed. Methylation within the first exon showed the strongest negative correlation with gene expression. A total of 911 and 813 differentially methylated CpG sites were identified between infected and control samples in the head kidney at 3 and 9 days respectively, whereas only 30 and 44 sites were differentially methylated in the liver. Differential methylation in the head kidney was associated with immunological processes such as actin cytoskeleton regulation, phagocytosis, endocytosis and pathogen associated pattern receptor signaling. We also identified 113 and 48 differentially methylated sites between resistant and susceptible fish in the head kidney and liver respectively. Our results contribute to the growing understanding of the role of methylation in regulation of gene expression and response to infectious diseases, and in particular reveal key immunological functions regulated by methylation in Atlantic salmon in response to P. salmonis.

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“…Fish infected with P. salmonis must be treated with an antibiotic, as it is unethical and illegal to maintain sick or morbid animals by current Chilean law, protecting the health and welfare of farm animals, including fish [27,28]. Antibiotic treatment for SRS consists of prolonged or repeated treatments due to the intracellular avoidance strategies of the pathogen [29]. The use of antibiotic treatment for SRS has been the subject of discussion amongst several non-governmental institutions and the non-scientific community, claiming potential but non-evidence-based environmental and human health effects [30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quillaja saponaria (Molina) Extracts Inhibits In Vitro Piscirickettsia salmonis Infections

Cañon–Jones

Cortés

Castillo–Ruiz

et al. 2020

Animals

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P. salmonis infections are the cause of major bacterial disease in salmonids in Chile, and the reason for using more antibiotics compared to other salmon-producing countries. Vaccination and antibiotics have not been efficient and new approaches are needed. The safety of Quillaja saponaria extracts was measured by cytotoxicity using flow cytometry of cytopathic and death of fish cell cultures and efficacy was assessed using in vitro infection models with pathogenic P. salmonis. Cytotoxicity was low and control of in vitro infections was achieved with all products, with protection of over 90%. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were much higher than those in the infection using cell cultures. These results suggest a dual mechanism of action where less purified extracts with a combination of saponin and non-saponin components simultaneously decrease P. salmonis infection while protecting cell lines, rather than exerting a direct antimicrobial effect. Quillaja saponins controlled in vitro infections with P. salmonis and could be considered good candidates for a new, safe and sustainable method of controlling fish bacterial infectious diseases.

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Effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment of salmonid rickettsial septicaemia in commercial salmon and trout farms in Chile

Cited by 10 publications

References 38 publications

Systematic review of the status of veterinary epidemiological research in two species regarding the FAIR guiding principles

Systematic review of the status of veterinary epidemiological research in two species regarding the FAIR guiding principles

The impact of Piscirickettsia Salmonis infection on genome-wide DNA methylation profile in Atlantic Salmon

Quillaja saponaria (Molina) Extracts Inhibits In Vitro Piscirickettsia salmonis Infections

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