Effectiveness of Commercial Disinfectants for Inactivating Hepatitis A Virus on Agri-Food Surfaces

Abstract

Six commercial disinfectants were tested for their efficacy in inactivating hepatitis A virus in solution or attached to agri-food surfaces. Disinfectant I contains 10% quaternary ammonium plus 5% glutaraldehyde; disinfectant II contains 12% sodium hypochlorite; disinfectant III contains 2.9% dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid plus 16% phosphoric acid; disinfectant IV contains 10% quaternary ammonium; disinfectant V contains 2% iodide; and disinfectant VI contains 2% stabilized chlorine dioxide. Among these, disinfectants I and II were shown to be the most effective in inactivating hepatitis A virus in solution. The efficacy of these disinfectants was further tested against hepatitis A virus attached to common agri-food surfaces, including polyvinyl chlorine, high-density polyethylene, aluminum, stainless steel, and copper. Disinfectant II was shown to be the most effective, with a maximum inactivation level of about 3 log10. The inactivation efficacy was shown to be affected by the concentration of the active ingredient, the contact time between the disinfectant and the contaminated surfaces, and the incubation temperature. In general, hepatitis A virus was shown to be highly resistant to most disinfectants tested, and high concentrations of active ingredient were needed to achieve acceptable inactivation levels.

Comparative susceptibilities of hepatitis A virus, feline calicivirus, bacteriophage MS2 and bacteriophage ΦX-174 to inactivation by quaternary ammonium and oxidative disinfectants

“…Jean et al [7] reported that sodium hypochlorite was only able to reduce HAV by 1-2 log at levels below 3000 ppm. FCV was significantly more sensitive to lower concentrations of Virkon ® than HAV.…”

“…Whilst only 3.7% of those isolated in Italy were resistant to tigecycline, 65.9% of those isolated in Israel were resistant [4,7]. Although the high tigecycline resistance rate was based on the Etest method and is now limited in Israel, the emergence of tigecycline-non-susceptible A. baumannii bloodstream infections, in addition to high resistance rates, represents a serious challenge to clinicians.…”

Plant tissue distribution and chemical inactivation of six carnation viruses

“…Bleach concentrations of 0.5% and 1% were insufficient to impede viral transmission to Saponaria indicator plants, whereas concentrations of 3%, 5% and 7% inactivated three, four or all carnation viruses, respectively (Table 2). This chemical treatment was reported to inactivate a potexvirus and a tobamovirus (2% and 7%, respectively; Hu et al, 1994), rotavirus (6%; Sattar et al, 1994), pneumovirus (5.25%; Krilov and Harkness, 1993), a coronavirus (Wang et al, 2005), bacteriophages (Tyrrell et al, 1995), poliovirus (Taylor and Butler, 1982;Ma et al, 1994) and Hepatitis A virus (Jean et al, 2003). Apparently, sodium hypochlorite can be considered a general virus inactivation agent although a concentration of up to 7-12% is required.…”

Studies of non-metallic organic disinfectants on inactivation of avian influenza viruses

“…Superoxy Food Wash disinfectant and Hydrogen peroxide were found having limited effect on AIV inactivation with extended exposure times To disinfect or kill AIV and other microorganisms without using chemical products, non-metallic organic or "soft" disinfectants provide nontoxic and inexpensive alternatives to harsh chemical products. The non-metallic organic disinfectants do not contain harsh chemicals but they have antioxidant properties which are active against a broad spectrum of microorganisms which attach products and contaminate process plants and equipment [10][11][12]. Research findings in this study have demonstrated that the non-metallic disinfectants are effective, safe and feasible to use against AIV in laboratory conditions.…”