Effectiveness of EDTA and Modified Salt Solution to Detach and Kill Cells from Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm

Aim To investigate the influence of biofilm structure on the biofilm removal capacity of endodontic irrigants and to study changes in the architecture of the remaining biofilms. Methodology Streptococcus oralis J22 and Actinomyces naeslundii T14V‐J1 were cocultured under different growth conditions on saliva‐coated hydroxyapatite discs. A constant depth film fermenter (CDFF) was used to grow steady‐state 4‐day biofilms. Biofilms were grown under static conditions for 4 and 10 days within a confined space. Twenty microlitres of 2% NaOCl, 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX), 17% Ethylene‐diamine‐tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA) and buffer were applied statically on the biofilms for 60 s. Biofilm removal was evaluated with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Post‐treated biofilms were assessed via low load compression testing (LLCT) and Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Optical coherence tomography data were analysed through a two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Low load compression testing and CLSM data were analysed through one‐way ANOVA and Dunnett's post hoc test. The level of significance was set at a < 0.05. Results The initial biofilm structure affected the biofilm removal capacity of the irrigants. NaOCl demonstrated the greatest chemical efficacy against the biofilms and was significantly more effective on the static than the CDFF biofilms (P < 0.001). CHX was ineffective and caused a rearrangement of the biofilm structure. Ethylene‐diamine‐tetra‐acetic acid exhibited a distinct removal effect only on the CDFF biofilms. Biofilm age influenced the structure of the remaining biofilms. The 4‐day grown remaining biofilms had a significantly different viscoelastic pattern compared to the respective 10‐day grown biofilms (P ≤ 0.01), especially in the NaOCl‐treated group. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis confirmed the CHX‐induced biofilm structural rearrangement. Conclusions Biofilm structure is an influential factor on the chemical efficacy of endodontic irrigants. Optical coherence tomography allows biofilm removal characteristics to be studied. NaOCl should remain the primary irrigant. Ethylene‐diamine‐tetra‐acetic acid was effective against cell‐rich/EPS‐poor biofilms. Chlorhexidine did not remove biofilm, but rather rearranged its structure.

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“…Also, EDTA promotes biofilm detachment and can diffuse throughout the biofilm (de Almeida et al . , van der Waal et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In line with the present findings, it has been demonstrated that EDTA is an effective ‘antibiofilm’ solution, causing biofilm dispersal (de Almeida et al . ), especially in the dense inner regions of the so‐called ‘mushroom‐like structures’ of the Gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Banin et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical biofilm removal capacity of endodontic irrigants as a function of biofilm structure: optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy and viscoelasticity determination as integrated assessment tools

Petridis²,

et al. 2018

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“…This was however not the aim of the study because previous culture studies, already gave insight into the efficacy of MSS and NaOCl on multispecies biofilms (van der Waal et al 2015b). Also, the poor antimicrobial property of 17% EDTA has been confirmed earlier (De Almeida et al 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Diffusion of antimicrobials in multispecies biofilms evaluated in a new biofilm model

et al. 2016

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“…For quantification, cycle threshold ( C t ) values were determined and extrapolated against standard curves generated for each species individually, as described by De Almeida et al . .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of three γ‐alkylidene‐γ‐lactams on the formation of multispecies biofilms

Almeida

Pimenta

Pereira

et al. 2018

European J Oral Sciences

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This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of lactams on Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida glabrata multispecies biofilm formation. γ-Alkylidene-γ-lactams 1, 2, and 3 [solubilized in 3.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)] were tested. Glass coverslips were conditioned with either the lactams or 3.5% DMSO (control) for 1 h, inoculated with microbial cultures, and incubated for 48 h. To assess the effect of the lactams on biofilm formation, the following parameters were determined: the biofilm biomass (by both crystal violet staining and protein determination); the amount of insoluble polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix; and the number of viable and total cells [by both colony-forming unit counting and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)]. Data were analysed using one-way anova and post-hoc Tukey tests. Lactams 1, 2, and 3 promoted a statistically significant reduction in the amount of biofilm biomass, but only lactam 3 resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the number of attached viable E. faecalis. Both total protein content and the amount of extracellular polysaccharides decreased significantly. The effects of γ-alkylidene-γ-lactams 1, 2, and 3 on the inhibition of multispecies biofilm formation were evident by their ability to reduce the amount of protein and extracellular polysaccharides.

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Effectiveness of EDTA and Modified Salt Solution to Detach and Kill Cells from Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm

Cited by 47 publications

References 30 publications

Chemical biofilm removal capacity of endodontic irrigants as a function of biofilm structure: optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy and viscoelasticity determination as integrated assessment tools

Chemical biofilm removal capacity of endodontic irrigants as a function of biofilm structure: optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy and viscoelasticity determination as integrated assessment tools

Diffusion of antimicrobials in multispecies biofilms evaluated in a new biofilm model

Effects of three γ‐alkylidene‐γ‐lactams on the formation of multispecies biofilms

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