Effectiveness of lasers and aPDT in elimination of intraoral halitosis: a systematic review based on clinical trials

Abstract

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in research showing positive results in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and laser therapy (LT) in dentistry. The authors of this review tried to answer the question: “Is the effectiveness of lasers and aPDT in the elimination of intraoral halitosis possible?” For this purpose, the electronic database of PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched until September 2021 using a combination of different keywords: (bad breath OR fetor ex ore OR halitosis OR oral malodor) AND (laser OR PDT OR PACT OR photodynamic inactivation OR photodynamic therapy OR photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy). Initially, 83 studies were identified. A total of 9 articles were qualified after the application of the eligibility criteria. Eight works concerned aPDT treatment, and only one dedicated to the Er,Cr:YSGG laser. A significant reduction in halitosis occurred immediately after both LT and aPDT. The review found the confirmation of the effectiveness of laser therapy in reducing the number of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) and the amount of anaerobic bacteria responsible for VSC formation. In most studies, a positive effect was observed for a 1-week follow-up. Laser therapy (aPDT, Er,Cr:YSGG) effectively eliminates microorganisms that produce volatile compounds and can effectively eliminate bad breath for the longer period of time than traditional methods of combatting this ailment.

Discrepancies in Cephalometric Analysis Results between Orthodontists and Radiologists and Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review

“…All studies incorporated into the systematic review were required to adhere to the following criteria: they had to investigate discrepancies in cephalometric analysis results between orthodontists and radiologists, as well as between orthodontists and artificial intelligence (AI), encompassing both manual and digital methods of analysis. Additionally, studies needed to be published in English, with no restrictions on the publication date [26,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. The authors of this review established the following exclusion criteria: studies written in languages other than English, comparisons solely between two orthodontists, clinical reports, opinions, editorial papers, review articles, and studies lacking a full-text version [26,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

“…Additionally, studies needed to be published in English, with no restrictions on the publication date [26,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. The authors of this review established the following exclusion criteria: studies written in languages other than English, comparisons solely between two orthodontists, clinical reports, opinions, editorial papers, review articles, and studies lacking a full-text version [26,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

“…The risk of bias was categorized as follows: 0-2 points denoted a high risk, 3-4 points denoted a moderate risk, and 5-6 points indicated a low risk. Any discrepancies in scoring were resolved through discussion until a consensus was reached [26,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for the treatment of oral infections: A systematic review

“…examined the effectiveness of lasers and aPDT in eliminating intraoral halitosis from 1994 to September 2021. 108 They found that in most studies on aPDT, MB and 660 nm laser were employed. Almost all the studies in the review indicated that aPDT was an effective treatment for bad breath.…”

Causes and Management of Halitosis: A Narrative Review

“…This method has numerous advantages, such as the minimization of tissue injury and the prevention of bacterial resistance development [ 54 , 56 ]. According to recent systematic reviews, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy has the ability to efficiently eliminate bacteria responsible for the production of VSC, and it is an effective approach for managing halitosis for a longer duration compared to conventional treatments such as tongue scrapers for this condition [ 54 , 57 ].…”