Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

King, Sarah; Glanville, Julie; Sanders, Mary Ellen; Fitzgerald, Anita; Varley, Danielle

doi:10.1017/s0007114514000075

Cited by 241 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Strains of the Lactobacillus genus are widely acknowledged to be beneficial, and their properties have been reviewed extensively (20). Given their widespread association with a variety of different environments, including dairy, meat, vegetable, and grain-fermented foods and as commensals in the gastrointestinal tract, this genus has been widely consumed and also has been used in dietary supplements to promote general health and well-being (21)(22)(23). Recent human microbiome studies have identified Faecalibacterium prausnitzii as an organism with antiinflammatory properties and have reported it to be an indicator microbial population that was lowered in subjects with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (10,24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals

Azcárate-Peril

Ritter²,

Savaiano

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

194

131

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Directed modulation of the colonic bacteria to metabolize lactose effectively is a potentially useful approach to improve lactose digestion and tolerance. A randomized, double-blind, multisite placebo-controlled trial conducted in human subjects demonstrated that administration of a highly purified (>95%) short-chain galactooligosaccharide (GOS), designated "RP-G28," significantly improved clinical outcomes for lactose digestion and tolerance. In these individuals, stool samples were collected pretreatment (day 0), after GOS treatment (day 36), and 30 d after GOS feeding stopped and consumption of dairy products was encouraged (day 66). In this study, changes in the fecal microbiome were investigated using 16S rRNA amplicon pyrosequencing and high-throughput quantitative PCR. At day 36, bifidobacterial populations were increased in 27 of 30 of GOS subjects (90%), demonstrating a bifidogenic response in vivo. Relative abundance of lactose-fermenting Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, and Lactobacillus were significantly increased in response to GOS. When dairy was introduced into the diet, lactosefermenting Roseburia species increased from day 36 to day 66. The results indicated a definitive change in the fecal microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals, increasing the abundance of lactosemetabolizing bacteria that were responsive to dietary adaptation to GOS. This change correlated with clinical outcomes of improved lactose tolerance.A limited ability to digest lactose occurs when the intestinal lactase enzyme is reduced in the brush border of the small bowel mucosa. Consumption of dairy foods by lactose-intolerant individuals may result in clinical symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, flatulence, and abdominal cramping. In these cases, lactose travels through the gastrointestinal tract and is fermented in the colon, producing acetate, carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, and methane by gas-producing microbes. Approximately 75% of the global human population are lactose maladsorbers (1, 2). In the United States, it is estimated that up to 80 million Americans are at risk for lactose intolerance.Efforts to address lactose intolerance include avoidance of dairy foods, reduction in the lactose content of milk through treatment with microbial lactases, and the use of lactase enzymes to process milk before dairy consumption (3). Savaiano et al. conducted a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebocontrolled study at two sites in the United States (4). A high purity (>95%) galactooligosaccharide (GOS/RP-G28) or a placebo (Sweetose; Tate & Lyle Ingredients) was administered in increasing doses to 62 lactose-intolerant subjects for 36 d. Subjects refrained from consuming lactose during the GOS treatment period. After GOS treatment, subjects reintroduced dairy products into their diets for an additional 30 d and then were challenged for lactose digestion and were evaluated for symptoms improvement via a Likert scale. Subjects consuming GOS trended toward improvement in overall symptoms after 36 d of ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals

Azcárate-Peril

Ritter²,

Savaiano

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

194

131

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“…So the regulation of E. purpurea on Th1 and Th2 is totally different (Mosmann & Coffman, 1989). It has been reported that E. purpurea directly affected the immune system such as T lymphocyte, macrophage, dendritic cell (Cech et al, 2010;King et al, 2014). IL-2 was proven to promote the proliferation of T cells and enhance the cellular immunity, associated with the production of IgM and IgG (Cozzi et al, 1995).…”

Section: The Effect Of Ee On Immunoregulatory Cytokines and Immunoglomentioning

confidence: 99%

Echinacea purpurea Extract Affects the Immune System, Global Metabolome, and Gut Microbiome in Wistar Rats

Wang¹,

Hou²,

Lv³

et al. 2017

JAS

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Echinacea purpurea extract, a traditional herbal food additive with dual-purpose of medicine and edible material, has been widely used for the treatment and prevention of various infectious diseases, especially for children, old aged and immunocompromised patients. Although there were numerous reports suggested E. purpurea possessed immunostimulatory and antibacterial effects in vitro, the mechanisms underlying remained to be elucidated. This study employed immunologic factors analysis, GC-TOFMS based metabolomics and 16S-rRNA-sequencing microbiome profiling technologies to explore the effects of E. purpurea on young rats, a physiological insufficient immunity status, by compared with pidotimod treatment on young rats and adult animals. E. purpurea treatment significantly increased IL-2, decreased IL-6 and affect immunoglobulins in the spleen of young rats, indicating its promotion of cellular immunity. Both the immunologic factors and the global metabolome of E. purpurea treated young rats were close to the status of mature individuals. Results of 16S-rRNA-sequencing of ileum content together with co-metabolism metabolites demonstrated that E. purpurea changed gut microbiota structure characteristically as a reducing Firmicutes phylum, especially Lactobacillus, and a rising Actinobacteria phylum including Bifidobacterium. The results were concluded that E. purpurea could potentially promote the maturation of immune and metabolism of immature rats, and also affect gut flora structure.

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“…Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) have important beneficial physiological effects such as low cariogenicity, a prebiotic effect, improving mineral absorption, and decreasing the levels of serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and phospholipids. Currently FOS are increasingly used in food products and infant formulas due to their prebiotic effect that stimulates the growth of nonpathogenic intestinal microflora [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sucrose Replacement by Sweeteners in Strawberry, Raspberry, and Cherry Jams: Effect on the Textural Characteristics and Sensorial Profile—A Chemometric Approach

Vilela

Matos

Abraão

et al. 2015

Journal of Food Processing

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Sucrose is the main sugar used in jams preparation; however his excessive consumption has been related to several diseases; therefore its replacement by alternative sweeteners is an attractive solution. Nonetheless, substitution of sucrose in jam's preparation can cause changes in texture, structure, and flavor, making them less attractive to the consumers. Thus, the aim of this work was to develop strawberry, raspberry, and cherry jams with more adequate nutritional profile, maintaining their textural and flavor characteristics in comparison with the traditional formulation. Sucrose was replaced by fructose, sorbitol, or fructooligosaccharides (FOS), given the product different nutritional profiles: potential low glycemic index, reduced calories in the case of sorbitol and FOS, and enrichment with dietary fiber, in the case of FOS. After sensorial and rheological evaluation we found that the sweeteners used interfered, significantly, in the parameters measured. Fructose was the alternative sweetener yielding jams more similar to those of sucrose; however, the use of formulations containing fructose and FOS or sorbitol and FOS resulted in a 51% to 68% decrease of the energy value. Nevertheless, consumer sensorial tests are needed to evaluate, in a more consistent way, the use of these alternative sweeteners for jams production at industrial level.

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Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 241 publications

References 24 publications

Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals

Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals

Echinacea purpurea Extract Affects the Immune System, Global Metabolome, and Gut Microbiome in Wistar Rats

Sucrose Replacement by Sweeteners in Strawberry, Raspberry, and Cherry Jams: Effect on the Textural Characteristics and Sensorial Profile—A Chemometric Approach

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