Comprehensive and accurate characterization of brain metabolome is fundamental to brain science, but has been hindered by technical limitations. We profiled the brain metabolome in male Wistar rats at different ages (day 1 to week 111) using high-sensitivity and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Totally 380 metabolites were identified and 232 of them were quantitated. Compared with anatomical regions, age had a greater effect on variations in the brain metabolome. Lipids, fatty acids and amino acids accounted for the largest proportions of the brain metabolome, and their concentrations varied across the lifespan. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in infancy (week 1 to week 3) compared with later ages, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids increased in the aged brain (week 56 to week 111). Importantly, a panel of 20 bile acids were quantitatively measured, most of which have not previously been documented in the brain metabolome. This study extends the breadth of the mammalian brain metabolome as well as our knowledge of functional brain development, both of which are critically important to move the brain science forward.

Utilizing catalase-mimicking nanozymes to produce O 2 is an effective method to overcome tumor hypoxia. However, it is challenging to fabricate nanozymes with ultrahigh catalytic activity. Palladium nanosheet (Pd NS), a photothermal agent for photothermal therapy (PTT), has superior catalase-mimicking activity. Here, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is used to modify Pd NS (denoted Pd@TiO 2 ) by a simple one-step method to improve its catalytic activity about 8 times. The enhancement mechanism's fundamental insights are discussed through experiments and density functional theory calculations. Next, zinc phthalocyanine is loaded on Pd@TiO 2 to form a nanomotor (denoted PTZCs) with the synergistic activities of photodynamic therapy and PTT. PTZCs inherit the catalase activity of Pd@TiO 2 to facilitate the decomposition of endogenous H 2 O 2 to O 2 , which can relieve tumor hypoxia and propel PTZC migration to expand the reach of PTZCs, further enhancing its synergistic treatment outcome both in vitro and in vivo. It is proposed that this work can provide a simple and effective strategy for catalytic activity enhancement and bring a critical new perspective to studying and guiding the nanozyme design.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been found to play essential roles in various physiological and pathological processes. The involvement of ncRNAs in the development of osteosarcoma (OS) has been explored in recent years. In this review, we summarize the functions and mechanisms of microRNA, lncRNA and circRNA in the initiation and progression of OS. We specifically focused on their potential application in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of OS. This summary of current knowledge on the involvement of ncRNAs in OS will not only aid comprehension of the complex processes of OS initiation and progression but also contribute to the exploration of ideal diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for OS patients.

Ginseng, a widely used functional food and food additive, has been proven to have promotion effects of health on the body. However, whether the long-term intake of Ginseng is beneficial or has side effects on an organism is still unclear. In this study, untargeted GC-TOFMS metabolomic analysis of serum, cecum and ileum intestinal contents was conducted to understand the effect of the long-term intake of Ginseng extracts. 16S rRNA microbial sequencing technology was applied to investigate the effect of Ginseng extracts on the structure of gut microbiota. Cytokines in spleen were detected to determine the effect of Ginseng extracts on the immune system. Compared to control groups, the metabolites in serum, cecum and ileum, such as amino acids, amines and other metabolites related to carbohydrate metabolism, significantly varied between the C and GS groups. Ginseng extracts affected the structure of gut microbiota with a decreased abundance of TM7, while the abundance of Proteobacteria, Methylobacteriaceae, Parasutterella, Sutterella increased in the GS group. The increased abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus demonstrated that Ginseng extracts contribute to probiotic amplification. Highly correlated with Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, interleukin 4 (IL4), IL10 and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were significantly elevated after the long-term intake of Ginseng extracts. These results indicated that the long-term administration of Ginseng extracts positively affected the host-gut metabolism, immune system, the anti-inflammation process and the gut intestinal microbiota structure.

Summary Weaning weight is an important economic trait in the meat rabbit industry. Evidence has linked the gut microbiota to health and production performance in rabbits. However, the effect of gut microbiota on meat rabbit weaning weight remains unclear. In this study, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of 135 faecal samples from commercial Ira rabbits. We detected 50 OTUs significantly associated with weaning weight. OTUs that showed positive associations with weaning weight were mostly members of the family Ruminococcaceae which are important in degrading dietary fibres and producing butyrate. On the contrary, OTUs annotated to genera Blautia, Lachnoclostridium and Butyricicoccus correlated with fat deposition were negatively associated with weaning weight. Predicted functional capacity analysis revealed that 91 KOs and 26 KEGG pathways exhibited potential correlations with weaning weight. We found that gut microbiota involved in the metabolism of amino acids, butanoate, energy and monosaccharides affected weaning weight. Additionally, cross‐validation analysis indicated that 16.16% of the variation in weaning weight was explained by the gut microbiome. Our findings provide important information to improve weaning weight of meat rabbits by modulating their gut microbiome.