Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines for Short- and Long-Term Immunity: A General Overview for the Pandemic Contrast

Abstract

Background: The recent COVID-19 pandemic produced a significant increase in cases and an emergency state was induced worldwide. The current knowledge about the COVID-19 disease concerning diagnoses, patient tracking, the treatment protocol, and vaccines provides a consistent contribution for the primary prevention of the viral infection and decreasing the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 disease. The aim of the present investigation was to produce a general overview about the current findings for the COVID-19 disease, SARS-CoV-2 interaction mechanisms with the host, therapies and vaccines’ immunization findings. Methods: A literature overview was produced in order to evaluate the state-of-art in SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses, prognoses, therapies, and prevention. Results: Concerning to the interaction mechanisms with the host, the virus binds to target with its Spike proteins on its surface and uses it as an anchor. The Spike protein targets the ACE2 cell receptor and enters into the cells by using a special enzyme (TMPRSS2). Once the virion is quietly accommodated, it releases its RNA. Proteins and RNA are used in the Golgi apparatus to produce more viruses that are released. Concerning the therapies, different protocols have been developed in observance of the disease severity and comorbidity with a consistent reduction in the mortality rate. Currently, different vaccines are currently in phase IV but a remarkable difference in efficiency has been detected concerning the more recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Conclusions: Among the many questions in this pandemic state, the one that recurs most is knowing why some people become more seriously ill than others who instead contract the infection as if it was a trivial flu. More studies are necessary to investigate the efficiency of the treatment protocols and vaccines for the more recent detected SARS-CoV-2 variant.

The interaction between gut microbiome and bone health

“…Germ-free mice, raised in sterile conditions without exposure to microorganisms, have been used as experimental models to study the impact of germ-free mice on bone density and structure. Microbiota transplantation studies have shown that introducing a diverse and healthy microbiota positively affects bone health in recipients, while transplanting from diseased or imbalanced donors may lead to compromised bone density and structure [20][21][22][23][24]. In human trials, probiotics have been found to modulate the GM, with certain strains associated with increased calcium absorption and improved bone density.…”

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

“…However, it does exist in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, and owing to the cleavage by furin, the S protein binds ACE2 strongly and spreads infection. (ii) Entry: After the S protein binds to the ACE2 receptor, an enzyme called TMPRSS2, a type II transmembrane serine protease, on the cell surface cleaves part of the S protein, altering its binding [ 7 , 40 , 41 ]. This triggers the fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane, allowing it to enter the cell.…”

Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Primary Care: A Scoping Review

“…The recent COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of digital health (eHealth) technologies, paving the way for greater incorporation of these technologies into PC settings [ 49 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ]. eHealth solutions can facilitate primary healthcare delivery and contribute to the realization of universal health coverage [ 70 , 71 ].…”