“…The social isolation questionnaire consists of 20 items (10 negative and 10 positive) (32) that are scored from 1 (never) to 4 (always). The overall score is calculated by summing the numbers of the selected items, which is inverted by the number related to the positive tone sentences (5,6,9,10,15,16,19,20). The questionnaire has three subscales including loneliness due to family relationships (2,4,9,12,16,18,20), communication with friends (1,3,5,10,11,15,19), and emotional sign questions (6,7,8,13,14,17).…”