Effects and Bioavailability of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in Spiked and Field-Contaminated Soils to Indigenous Microorganisms

Gong, Peng; Siciliano, Steven D.; Greer, Charles W.; Paquet, Louise; Hawari, Jalal; Sunahara, Geoffrey I.

doi:10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2681:eaboti>2.3.co;2

Cited by 25 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In brief, a test medium was prepared with 4 mM ammonium sulfate, 15 mM sodium chlorate, and 1 mM monopotassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). In this test medium, ammonium sulfate is an energy source, sodium chlorate inhibits the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate (5,24), and monopotassium phosphate buffers the medium. Ammonium sulfate is added as a one-time supplement to the soil to achieve the maximum ammonia oxidation potential of a soil.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentration of nitrite was expressed as ng of NO 2 Ϫ -N g of dry soil Ϫ1 h Ϫ1. Typically, potential ammonia oxidation is measured at 20°C (24,66). It should be noted that the soil samples were collected in summer (the fourth week of July), and these research sites regularly experience temperature as high as 24°C during midday in summer (17).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Driving Potential Ammonia Oxidation in Canadian Arctic Ecosystems: Does Spatial Scale Matter?

Banerjee

Siciliano

2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Ammonia oxidation is a major process in nitrogen cycling, and it plays a key role in nitrogen limited soil ecosystems such as those in the arctic. Although mm-scale spatial dependency of ammonia oxidizers has been investigated, little is known about the field-scale spatial dependency of aerobic ammonia oxidation processes and ammonia-oxidizing archaeal and bacterial communities, particularly in arctic soils. The purpose of this study was to explore the drivers of ammonia oxidation at the field scale in cryosols (soils with permafrost within 1 m of the surface). We measured aerobic ammonia oxidation potential (both autotrophic and heterotrophic) and functional gene abundance (bacterial amoA and archaeal amoA) in 279 soil samples collected from three arctic ecosystems. The variability associated with quantifying genes was substantially less than the spatial variability observed in these soils, suggesting that molecular methods can be used reliably evaluate spatial dependency in arctic ecosystems. Ammoniaoxidizing archaeal and bacterial communities and aerobic ammonia oxidation were spatially autocorrelated. Gene abundances were spatially structured within 4 m, whereas biochemical processes were structured within 40 m. Ammonia oxidation was driven at small scales (<1m) by moisture and total organic carbon, whereas gene abundance and other edaphic factors drove ammonia oxidation at medium (1 to 10 m) and large (10 to 100 m) scales. In these arctic soils heterotrophs contributed between 29 and 47% of total ammonia oxidation potential. The spatial scale for aerobic ammonia oxidation genes differed from potential ammonia oxidation, suggesting that in arctic ecosystems edaphic, rather than genetic, factors are an important control on ammonia oxidation.A pproximately 13% of world's total land area is underlain by permafrost and in Canada permafrost-affected soils comprise 3.7 million km 2 or ca. 40% of the land mass (67). These soil ecosystems differ from others due to their low annual mean temperatures, long winters, short growing seasons, frequent cryoturbation (soil movement because of frost action), and gelifluction (slow downslope movement of waterlogged soil over permafrost layer and formation of lobe-shaped features). A key feature of these arctic ecosystems compared to temperate ecosystems is that substantial ammonia (as much as 14 mg m Ϫ2 NH 4 ϩ -N) is produced over the winter period and the fate of this ammonia is crucial to the productivity of the above ground ecosystems (8). Climate change will impact snow cover and mean annual temperatures, and this is going to significantly increase the over-winter nitrogen mineralization (8), yet we know very little about fieldscale ammonia oxidation processes in arctic ecosystems. The oxidation of ammonia to nitrite is the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification. In soil, ammonia oxidation is regulated by a combination of the ammonia-oxidizing communities (59) and soil physicochemical properties (7). The purpose of this investigation was to characterize how the biol...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Driving Potential Ammonia Oxidation in Canadian Arctic Ecosystems: Does Spatial Scale Matter?

Banerjee

Siciliano

2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Control garden soil was a sandy loam consisting of 70% sand, 7% clay, and 23% silt with a pH of 7.9, water-holding capacity of 76%, total organic C of 11.2%, and Kjeldahl N of 0.38% (14). The garden soil was mixed with soil obtained from an active wood treatment facility contaminated with 43 g of C 10 to C 50 aliphatic hydrocarbons kg of soil Ϫ1 and 11 g of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons kg of soil Ϫ1 at five different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40% [wt/wt]).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of Specific Endophytic Bacterial Genotypes by Plants in Response to Soil Contamination

Siciliano

Fortin

Mihoc

et al. 2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

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352

179

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Plant-bacterial combinations can increase contaminant degradation in the rhizosphere, but the role played by indigenous root-associated bacteria during plant growth in contaminated soils is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if plants had the ability to selectively enhance the prevalence of endophytes containing pollutant catabolic genes in unrelated environments contaminated with different pollutants. At petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites, two genes encoding hydrocarbon degradation, alkane monooxygenase (alkB) and naphthalene dioxygenase (ndoB), were two and four times more prevalent in bacteria extracted from the root interior (endophytic) than from the bulk soil and sediment, respectively. In field sites contaminated with nitroaromatics, two genes encoding nitrotoluene degradation, 2-nitrotoluene reductase (ntdAa) and nitrotoluene monooxygenase (ntnM), were 7 to 14 times more prevalent in endophytic bacteria. The addition of petroleum to sediment doubled the prevalence of ndoB-positive endophytes in Scirpus pungens, indicating that the numbers of endophytes containing catabolic genotypes were dependent on the presence and concentration of contaminants. Similarly, the numbers of alkB-or ndoB-positive endophytes in Festuca arundinacea were correlated with the concentration of creosote in the soil but not with the numbers of alkB-or ndoB-positive bacteria in the bulk soil. Our results indicate that the enrichment of catabolic genotypes in the root interior is both plant and contaminant dependent.

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“…또한 TNT는 토양내 장기간 잔존하며, 지표수 및 지하수를 따 라 확산이 쉽게 이루어지므로 인근 토양, 지하수, 하천 등 에 서식하는 생태계 뿐만 아니라 인체에도 직, 간접적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다 (Gong et al, 1999;Lachance et al, 2004). 그러나, 국내의 경우 이러한 TNT의 거동에 대한 이해와 연구실적이 매우 부족한 실정이며, TNT 오 염을 평가하기 위한 정량화된 기술도 마련되어 있지 않다.…”

Section: 서 론unclassified

Toxicity and Uptake of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Contaminated Soils to Eisenia fetida

Nurofik¹,

Choi²,

Oh³

et al. 2015

Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment

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Toxicity and uptake of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in three different soils (OECD soil, natural soil and loess) to earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were investigated at several different spiked concentrations of TNT (0 to 200 mg/kg for OECD and natural soils, and 0 to 35 mg/kg for loess) and for different exposure periods (7, 14, 21, and 28 d). The LC 50 values for 7 d exposure were 160.1, 159.4, and 28.81 mg/kg for OECD soil, natural soil, and loess, respectively. The LC 50 values for 14, 21, and 28 d exposure were almost the same as those for 7 d exposure, showing that 7 d exposure time was enough to decide the toxicity (LC 50 ) of TNT to Eisenia fetida, because the highest concentration of TNT in earthworm body was observed within around 5 d. The LC 50 and uptake of TNT in loess were higher than those in OECD and natural soil. The uptake of TNT to the earthworm were correlated well with the initial concentration of TNT in the soil and TNT porewater concentration (R 2 > 0.9 in OECD, natural, and loess). The concentration of TNT in earthworm body decreased after 5 d, possibly caused by natural degradation of TNT by soil bacteria as well as earthworm.

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Effects and Bioavailability of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in Spiked and Field-Contaminated Soils to Indigenous Microorganisms

Cited by 25 publications

References 32 publications

Factors Driving Potential Ammonia Oxidation in Canadian Arctic Ecosystems: Does Spatial Scale Matter?

Factors Driving Potential Ammonia Oxidation in Canadian Arctic Ecosystems: Does Spatial Scale Matter?

Selection of Specific Endophytic Bacterial Genotypes by Plants in Response to Soil Contamination

Toxicity and Uptake of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Contaminated Soils to Eisenia fetida

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