Effects and Dose–Response Relationship of Balance Training on Balance Performance in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Gebel, Arnd; Lesinski, Melanie; Behm, David G.; Granacher, Urs

doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0926-0

Cited by 77 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…As balance performance in children is limited due to their still maturing postural control system and poor balance is associated with an increased risk of falling and sustaining an injury, previous research has focused on balance trainability of children. A systematic review with meta-analysis [27] did not find sex to have a significant influence on balance trainability. However, the researchers emphasized the preliminary character of their findings as they observed a lack of high quality studies on this topic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of practice on learning to maintain balance under dynamic conditions in children: are there sex differences?

Schedler

Brueckner

Kiss

et al. 2020

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Background: In youth, sex-related differences in balance performances have been reported with girls usually outperforming same-aged boys. However, it is not known whether sex also has an influence on learning of a new balance task in primary school-aged children. Therefore, the present study investigated sex-related differences in children learning to maintain balance under dynamic conditions. Methods: Thirty-two children (16 girls, 16 boys) aged 8.5 ± 0.5 years practiced balancing on a stabilometer (i.e., to keep it as horizontal as possible) for seven trials (90 s each) on two consecutive days. Knowledge of results (KR) (i.e., time in balance) was provided after each trial. On day three learning was assessed using a retention test (i.e., balance task only) and a test of automation (i.e., balance plus concurrent motor interference task). Root-meansquare-error (RMSE) was recorded for all trials and used for further analysis. Results: During practicing (Day 1, Day 2) RMSE values significantly decreased over the days (p = 0.019, d = 0.92) and trials (p = 0.003, d = 0.70) in boys and girls. Further, the main effect of sex showed a tendency toward significance (p = 0.082, d = 0.67). On day 3, the girls showed significantly smaller RMSE values compared to boys in the retention (p = 0.012, d = 1.00) and transfer test (p = 0.045, d = 0.74). Conclusions: Performance increases during the acquisition phase tended to be larger in girls than in boys. Further, learning (i.e., retention and automation) was significantly larger in girls compared to boys. Therefore, practitioners (e.g., teachers, coaches) should supply boys and grils with balance exercises of various task difficulties and complexities to address their diverse learning progress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of practice on learning to maintain balance under dynamic conditions in children: are there sex differences?

Schedler

Brueckner

Kiss

et al. 2020

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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show abstract

“…There is ample evidence on the general effectiveness of balance training on balance performance in youth as indicated in randomized controlled trials ( Granacher et al, 2010a ; Pau et al, 2012 ; Donath et al, 2013 ) and recent systematic reviews ( Gebel et al, 2018 ). In an attempt to extend the findings of Granacher et al (2010a) who demonstrated that balance training is suitable to enhance ST postural control, specifically designed intervention programs during PE may have the potential to improve postural control not only in ST but also in DT situations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single- and Dual-Task Balance Training Are Equally Effective in Youth

2018

Self Cite

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Due to maturation of the postural control system and secular declines in motor performance, adolescents experience deficits in postural control during standing and walking while concurrently performing cognitive interference tasks. Thus, adequately designed balance training programs may help to counteract these deficits. While the general effectiveness of youth balance training is well-documented, there is hardly any information available on the specific effects of single-task (ST) versus dual-task (DT) balance training. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (i) to examine static/dynamic balance performance under ST and DT conditions in adolescents and (ii) to study the effects of ST versus DT balance training on static/dynamic balance under ST and DT conditions in adolescents. Twenty-eight healthy girls and boys aged 12–13 years were randomly assigned to either 8 weeks of ST or DT balance training. Before and after training, postural sway and spatio-temporal gait parameters were registered under ST (standing/walking only) and DT conditions (standing/walking while concurrently performing an arithmetic task). At baseline, significantly slower gait speed (p < 0.001, d = 5.1), shorter stride length (p < 0.001, d = 4.8), and longer stride time (p < 0.001, d = 3.8) were found for DT compared to ST walking but not standing. Training resulted in significant pre–post decreases in DT costs for gait velocity (p < 0.001, d = 3.1), stride length (-45%, p < 0.001, d = 2.4), and stride time (-44%, p < 0.01, d = 1.9). Training did not induce any significant changes (p > 0.05, d = 0–0.1) in DT costs for all parameters of secondary task performance during standing and walking. Training produced significant pre–post increases (p = 0.001; d = 1.47) in secondary task performance while sitting. The observed increase was significantly greater for the ST training group (p = 0.04; d = 0.81). For standing, no significant changes were found over time irrespective of the experimental group. We conclude that adolescents showed impaired DT compared to ST walking but not standing. ST and DT balance training resulted in significant and similar changes in DT costs during walking. Thus, there appears to be no preference for either ST or DT balance training in adolescents.

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“…Postural stability is associated with inertial forces acting on the body and inertial characteristics of body segments. Therefore, postural stability is determined by body composition and structure [20,21]. In the literature, it is difficult to find similar studies in which body composition would be assessed with Tanita electrical bioimpedance and postural stability with Ac-cuGait AMTI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Composition and Postural Stability in Goalkeepers of the Polish National Junior Handball Team

Wilczyński

2018

Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

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Introduction. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the body composition and postural stability of goalkeepers representing the Polish National Junior Handball Team. Material and methods. Body composition was assessed by means of bioelectrical impedance analysis. Postural stability was examined using the AccuGait AMTI force platform. Results. The body composition of the subjects was correct. All of the subjects had very good postural stability. Postural sway was higher in the sagittal plane than in the frontal one. Path Length and Average COP Speed were significantly increased during the closedeyes trial. Only Fat Mass (%) and Fat Mass (kg) were significantly directly correlated with Area Ellipse (cm2) (OE, open eyes). Inverse correlations occurred between Fat-Free Mass (kg) and Average Load Point Y (cm) (OE) as well as Average Load Point Y (cm) (CE, closed eyes). Muscle Mass (kg) was significantly inversely correlated with Average Load Point Y (cm) (OE) and also with Average Load Point Y (cm) (CE). Body Mass Index correlated negatively only with Average Load Point Y (cm) (CE). Total Body Water (kg) was significantly inversely correlated with Average Load Point Y (cm) (OE) and also with Average Load Point Y (cm) (CE). However, Total Body Water (%) only correlated negatively with Area Ellipse (cm2) (OE). Conclusions. Postural stability was determined by the composition and structure of the body. Single-sided sports specialisation can lead to static disorders of the body during the developmental period discussed. Therefore, systematic tests are needed to monitor the body composition and postural stability of handball goalkeepers.

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Effects and Dose–Response Relationship of Balance Training on Balance Performance in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 77 publications

References 58 publications

Effect of practice on learning to maintain balance under dynamic conditions in children: are there sex differences?

Effect of practice on learning to maintain balance under dynamic conditions in children: are there sex differences?

Single- and Dual-Task Balance Training Are Equally Effective in Youth

Body Composition and Postural Stability in Goalkeepers of the Polish National Junior Handball Team

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