Effects of 1.5-GHz high-power microwave exposure on the reproductive systems of male mice

Dong, Guofu; Zhou, Hongmei; Gao, Yan; Zhao, Xuelong; Qi, Lijun; Li, Zhihui; Zhao, Xi; Yin, Ji‐Ye; Wang, Changzhen

doi:10.1080/15368378.2021.1891091

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Electromagnetic field radiation, including microwaves, has been classified as a new form of environment pollution that is “possibly carcinogenic to humans” [ 20 ]. Until now, most of the studies have focused on the biological effects and potential mechanisms induced by single-frequency microwaves at the indicated average power density [ 2 , 3 , 21 , 22 ]. However, people are commonly exposed to complex environments with different types of microwaves in daily life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biological Effects of Compound Microwave Exposure with 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz on Immune System: Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis

Yao

Wang

Sun

et al. 2022

Cells

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It is well-known that microwaves produce both thermal and nonthermal effects. Microwave ablation can produce thermal effects to activate the body’s immune system and has been widely used in cancer therapy. However, the nonthermal effects of microwaves on the immune system are still largely unexplored. In the present study, we exposed rats to multifrequency microwaves of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz with an average power density of 10 mW/cm2, which are widely used in our daily life, to investigate the biological effects on the immune system and its potential mechanisms. Both single-frequency microwaves and multifrequency microwaves caused obvious pathological alterations in the thymus and spleen at seven days after exposure, while multifrequency microwaves produced more pronounced injuries. Unexpectedly, multifrequency microwave exposure increased the number of both leukocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and upregulated the proportion of B lymphocytes among the total lymphocytes, indicating activation of the immune response. Our data also showed that the cytokines associated with the proliferation and activation of B lymphocytes, including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β and IL-4, were elevated at six hours after exposure, which might contribute to the increase in B lymphocytes at seven days after exposure. Moreover, multifrequency microwave exposure upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of B cell activation-associated genes in peripheral blood. In addition to immune-associated genes, multifrequency microwaves mainly affected the expression of genes related to DNA duplication, cellular metabolism and signal transduction in the peripheral blood and spleen. In conclusion, multifrequency microwaves with 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz caused reversible injuries of the thymus and spleen but activated immune cells in the peripheral blood by upregulating mRNA and protein expression, as well as cytokine release. These results not only uncovered the biological effects of multifrequency microwave on the immune system, but also provide critical clues to explore the potential mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biological Effects of Compound Microwave Exposure with 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz on Immune System: Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis

Yao

Wang

Sun

et al. 2022

Cells

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“…The use of devices based on EMR, such as phones, Wi-Fi, ovens, radars, and laptops, has increased dramatically. Various studies have reported an association between microwaves and male fertility [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ] ( Figure 5 [ 48 ]). The human reproductive system has shown adverse effects, and in some cases neutral effects, against various microwaves [ 48 , 50 ].…”

Section: Biological Effects Of Microwavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various studies have reported an association between microwaves and male fertility [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ] ( Figure 5 [ 48 ]). The human reproductive system has shown adverse effects, and in some cases neutral effects, against various microwaves [ 48 , 50 ]. Specifically, cell phone radiation has also been found to have harmful effects on the male reproductive system [ 51 ].…”

Section: Biological Effects Of Microwavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, there is strong evidence that the negativity or neutrality of microwave radiation effects on reproductive systems are dependent upon frequency and power. One recent in vivo study investigated the biological effects of 1.5 GHz HPMs on the reproductive system of mice [ 50 ], and showed no considerable pathological or ultrastructural changes in testicles, spermatozoa, and serum testosterone levels following 15 min of exposure [ 50 ]. Furthermore, no obvious signs of injury or impairment of the reproductive system were found across the bodies of the exposed mice.…”

Section: Biological Effects Of Microwavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microwave Radiation and the Brain: Mechanisms, Current Status, and Future Prospects

Mumtaz

Rana

Choi

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Modern humanity wades daily through various radiations, resulting in frequent exposure and causing potentially important biological effects. Among them, the brain is the organ most sensitive to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure. Despite numerous correlated studies, critical unknowns surround the different parameters used, including operational frequency, power density (i.e., energy dose), and irradiation time that could permit reproducibility and comparability between analyses. Furthermore, the interactions of EMR with biological systems and its precise mechanisms remain poorly characterized. In this review, recent approaches examining the effects of microwave radiations on the brain, specifically learning and memory capabilities, as well as the mechanisms of brain dysfunction with exposure as reported in the literature, are analyzed and interpreted to provide prospective views for future research directed at this important and novel medical technology for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies on brain degeneration caused by microwave radiation. Additionally, the interactions of microwaves with biological systems and possible mechanisms are presented in this review. Treatment with natural products and safe techniques to reduce harm to organs have become essential components of daily life, and some promising techniques to treat cancers and their radioprotective effects are summarized as well. This review can serve as a platform for researchers to understand the mechanism and interactions of microwave radiation with biological systems, the present scenario, and prospects for future studies on the effect of microwaves on the brain.

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“…Because of its small size, constant number of cells, short reproductive cycle, transparency, ease of observation, and environmental sensitivity, it has good prospects for application in the study of the biological effects of electromagnetic waves. Rodents or nerve cells are often used [Bayat et al, 2021; Dong et al, 2021], but the advantages of C. elegans are often ignored in this field. C. elegans can be exposed for a long period of time, and the conditions are easy to control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Long‐Term and Multigeneration Exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to 9.4 GHz Microwaves

Sun

Zhao

et al. 2022

Bioelectromagnetics

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A large number of studies on the biological effects of microwaves are carried out using rodents and cells, but the conditions are difficult to control, and the irradiation period is short; the results obtained have always been controversial and difficult to reproduce. In this study, we expose nematodes to an electromagnetic environment for a long-term and multigeneration period to explore the possible biological effects. Wild-type N2 strains of Caenorhabditis elegans are exposed to 9.4 GHz microwaves at a specific adsorption rate of 4 W/kg for 10 h per day from L1 larvae to adults. Then, adult worms are washed off, and the laid eggs are kept to hatch L1 larvae, which are continuously exposed to microwaves until passing through 20 generations. The worms of the 10th, 15th, and 20th generations are collected for index detection. Interestingly, we found that the fecundity of C. elegans decreased significantly in the exposed group from the 15th generation. At the same time, we found that the growth of C. elegans decreased, motility decreased, and oxidative stress occurred in the exposed group from the 10th generation, which may play roles in the decreased spawning in worms. We preliminarily believe that the microwave energy received by worms leads to oxidative stress, which causes a decrease in the spawning rate, and the underlying mechanism needs to be further studied. Bioelectromagnetics. 43:336-346, 2022.

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Effects of 1.5-GHz high-power microwave exposure on the reproductive systems of male mice

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

The Biological Effects of Compound Microwave Exposure with 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz on Immune System: Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis

The Biological Effects of Compound Microwave Exposure with 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz on Immune System: Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis

Microwave Radiation and the Brain: Mechanisms, Current Status, and Future Prospects

Effects of Long‐Term and Multigeneration Exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to 9.4 GHz Microwaves

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