Effects of 8 Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training and Spirulina Supplementation on Immunoglobin Levels, Cardio-Respiratory Fitness, and Body Composition of Overweight and Obese Women

Abstract

Our study examined the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and spirulina supplementation on the humoral immunity, cardio-respiratory fitness, and body composition of overweight and obese women. Thirty sedentary women (height: 161.7 ± 2.8 cm, body mass: 75.8 ± 8.4 kg, body mass index [BMI]: 28.8 ± 2.5 kg/m2, age: 25.1 ± 6.7 years) were divided into three groups: placebo with HIIT group, spirulina group (SG), or combined group (CG). Exercise groups performed HIIT for 8 weeks, with three sessions per week and four to seven repetitions in each session of 30 s running and 30 s walking; the intensity was established at 90% of the maximum heart rate. Supplementation groups received 6 g of spirulina powder per day. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after 8 weeks to determine the concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgA and IgG). There was a significant group-by-time interaction for fat free mass (FFM; p = 0.001, f = 8.52, ηp2 = 0.39) and IgA (p = 0.036, f = 3.86, ηp2 = 0.22). The post hoc analysis revealed that CG reduced FFM significantly (p = 0.012, g = −0.55) after training. CG and SG showed significantly greater IgA concentrations after 8 weeks (p = 0.02, g = 0.70 and p = 0.001, g = 0.34, respectively). We conclude that spirulina supplementation with HIIT affects the body composition (lower FFM) but also boosts IgA, which plays an important role in the immune system.

Effects of aerobic exercise training in oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis markers on prefrontal cortex in obese mice

“…According to data in literature, several neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, and Multiple sclerosis) are associated with higher levels of ROS and the establishment of oxidative stress [ 21 , 23 , 24 ]. In the same way, recent data in the literature suggest the important role of ROS and oxidative stress in the brain dysfunctions associated with obesity [ 25 , 26 ].…”

The effect of HIIT on body composition, cardiovascular fitness, psychological well-being, and executive function of overweight/obese female young adults

“…The possible reasons might be attributed to the upregulated mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activity ( Hazell et al, 2014 ; Little et al, 2021 ), the enhanced fractional muscle oxygen extraction ( Bailey et al, 2009 ), and/or the increased stroke volume ( Trilk et al, 2011 ). Additionally, it was found that during the rest periods HIIT can keep the body’s CO, resting ventilation per minute, and oxygen uptake at a high level to improve cardiopulmonary endurance ( Nobari et al, 2022 ). The current study found that HIIT intervention led to a significant negative correlation in the changes between the subjects’ indicators of body composition and maximum oxygen uptake.…”

Effect of 8-Week β-Alanine Supplementation on CRP, IL-6, Body Composition, and Bio-Motor Abilities in Elite Male Basketball Players

“…We determined the design’s power and sample size using the statistical approach examined in this study with G-Power software (University of Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany). Among them were the following [ 22 ]: The achieved power was calculated using the a priori and F tests; ANOVA: repeated measurements, within-between interaction analysis, number of groups = 2, number of measures = 6, error probability for α = 0.05, error probability for 1-β = 0.80, and effect size at minimum level = 0.25. In the study with 20 participants, there is an 84.2% (actual power) likelihood of effectively rejecting the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the variables.…”