Effects of a multidimensional anabolic steroid prevention intervention. The Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS) Program

Goldberg, Linn; Elliot, Diane L.; Clarke, Gregory N.; MacKinnon, David P.; Moe, Esther; Zoref, Leslie; Green, Christopher; Wolf, Sara; Greffrath, E.; Miller, Daniel J.; Lapin, Angela

doi:10.1001/jama.276.19.1555

Cited by 102 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Previous studies (5,6) have shown that the misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids increased after educational programmes. However, this study shows a trend towards a decreased misuse of androgenic steroids after the intervention, even though other information may have had an in uence, and underreporting despite secured anonymity is possible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Trends in the misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids among boys 16?17 years old in a primary health care area in Sweden

Nilsson

2001

Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Trends in the misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids among boys 16?17 years old in a primary health care area in Sweden

Nilsson

2001

Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care

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“…The ATLAS program is a multi-component program administered to high school football players to prevent use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). More details of the program may be found in Goldberg et al (1996) and single and multiple mediator model results using the standard z significance test for the mediated effect may be found in MacKinnon et al (2001). The data for this simplified example were from 861 cases (from 15 treatment schools and 16 control schools) with complete data on three variables, X-exposure to the program or not, X M -perceived severity of anabolic steroid use, and Y-nutrition behaviors.…”

Section: Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods

MacKinnon¹,

Lockwood²,

Williams³

2004

Multivariate Behavioral Research

6,403

4,590

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The most commonly used method to test an indirect effect is to divide the estimate of the indirect effect by its standard error and compare the resulting z statistic with a critical value from the standard normal distribution. Confidence limits for the indirect effect are also typically based on critical values from the standard normal distribution. This article uses a simulation study to demonstrate that confidence limits are imbalanced because the distribution of the indirect effect is normal only in special cases. Two alternatives for improving the performance of confidence limits for the indirect effect are evaluated: (a) a method based on the distribution of the product of two normal random variables, and (b) resampling methods. In Study 1, confidence limits based on the distribution of the product are more accurate than methods based on an assumed normal distribution but confidence limits are still imbalanced. Study 2 demonstrates that more accurate confidence limits are obtained using resampling methods, with the bias-corrected bootstrap the best method overall.

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“…This study used part of the data from a longitudinal prevention study entitled ATLAS (Goldberg et al, 1996;Goldberg et al, 2000). The goals of the ATLAS project were to reduce high school football players' use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and other drugs and to improve their health behaviors (e.g., eating a nutritional diet and strength training).…”

Section: Illustration Of Lgm Mediation Analysis Adolescents Training mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, we expand the application of the LGM approach to mediation analysis. The modeling procedures are demonstrated by estimating a series of latent growth models using a data set from a longitudinal drug prevention study designed to reduce adolescent football players' anabolic steroid use (Goldberg et al, 1996;Goldberg et al, 2000). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Mediational Processes Using Parallel Process Latent Growth Curve Modeling

Cheong

MacKinnon

Khoo

2003

Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal

407

444

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This study investigated a method to evaluate mediational processes using latent growth curve modeling. The mediator and the outcome measured across multiple time points were viewed as 2 separate parallel processes. The mediational process was defined as the independent variable influencing the growth of the mediator, which, in turn, affected the growth of the outcome. To illustrate modeling procedures, empirical data from a longitudinal drug prevention program, Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids, were used. The program effects on the growth of the mediator and the growth of the outcome were examined first in a 2-group structural equation model. The mediational process was then modeled and tested in a parallel process latent growth curve model by relating the prevention program condition, the growth rate factor of the mediator, and the growth rate factor of the outcome.Most prevention studies are based on theories that specify causal variables that have an effect on the outcome, and the prevention programs include the components designed to modify these causal variables to obtain the desired outcome. For example, a drug prevention program based on Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) may include program components to teach adolescents refusal skills and correct their misperception of the prevalence of drug use, aiming to reduce the social environmental influences. A drug prevention program based on the Health Belief Model (Janz & Becker, 1984) may seek to increase adolescents' perception of susceptibility to the negative effects of drugs. If the theory is correct, changing the causal variables, such as social environmental influence for Social Learning Theory and perceived susceptibility for Health Behavior Theory, will prevent drug use.Despite the theoretical basis of prevention programs, most evaluation studies neglect the link between theory and evaluation (Judd & Kenny, 1981;MacKinnon & Dwyer, 1993). Until recently, the success of a prevention trial has been assessed only by the change in the outcome; that is, whether the treatment program reduced the harmful outcome or enhanced the desired outcome. Assessing a prevention trial only by the change in the outcome variable may provide a gross assessment of whether or not a program works, but may fail to identify the underlying mechanisms concerning how the program achieved or failed to achieve its effects. The evaluation of a program should involve more specific investigation by laying out program Requests for reprints should be sent to David P. MacKinnon, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104. davidpm@asu.edu. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptStruct Equ Modeling. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 February 12. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript components and identifying causal links based on theory (Chen, 1990;Donaldson, Graham, & Hansen, 1994;MacKinnon, 1994).Mediation analysis has been introduced as an appropriate method for theory-driven...

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Effects of a multidimensional anabolic steroid prevention intervention. The Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS) Program

Cited by 102 publications

References 31 publications

Trends in the misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids among boys 16?17 years old in a primary health care area in Sweden

Trends in the misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids among boys 16?17 years old in a primary health care area in Sweden

Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods

Investigation of Mediational Processes Using Parallel Process Latent Growth Curve Modeling

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