Effects of a prudent diet containing either lean beef and mutton or fish and skinless chicken on the plasma lipoproteins and fatty acid composition of triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester of hypercholesterolemic subjects11This study was sponsored by the Meat Board of South Africa.

Total red meat intake of ≥0.5 servings/d does not negatively influence cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systemically searched meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

“…CARB, carbohydrate control diet; CHICK, chicken control diet; CON, habitual control diet; F, lean fish control diet; F1, first female group; F1 BEEF, first female group consuming beef diet; F1 PORK, first female group consuming pork diet; F2, second female group; F2 BEEF, second female group consuming beef diet; F2 PORK, second female group consuming pork diet; HC G1, first group consuming high-cholesterol diet; HC G2, second group consuming high-cholesterol diet; LC G1, first group consuming low-cholesterol diet; LC G2, second group consuming low-cholesterol diet; LVLP, lactovegetarian low-protein control diet; M1, first male group; M1 BEEF, first male group consuming beef diet; M1 PORK, first male group consuming pork diet; M2, second male group; M2 BEEF, second male group consuming beef diet; M2 PORK, second male group consuming pork diet; P, poultry control diet; SF, southern fish control diet; TF, tropical fish control diet; VEG, vegetarian control diet. studies containing design features that had the potential to confound results, including weight-loss diets (27,29), hearthealthy diets (25,26,28,34,35,39,42,43), diseased populations [hypertensive (26,28,38), hypercholesterolemic (34,35,42), and/or diabetic (32)], studies that resulted in significant weight loss (25,(27)(28)(29)35), inclusion of processed meat (45), studies that did not specify the degree of meat processing (24,25,27,32,36,40,43,46,47), and studies that used different amounts of protein intake in the control and intervention group or phase (29,32,38,…”

“…The median total red meat servings per day in the control and intervention groups were 0 servings/d (range: 0-0.4 servings/d or 0-30 g/d) and 2 servings/d (or 140 g/d; range 1.0-7.1 servings/d or 68-500 g), respectively. Two of the selected studies included a weight-loss diet (27,29), 8 studies included a heart-healthy dietary pattern (25,26,28,34,35,39,42,43), the subjects self-selected their diet similar to their habitual intake in 9 studies (24, 30, 31, 36-38, 46, 40, 41), and 5 FIGURE 3 Random-effects model meta-analysis for changes in blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations from randomized controlled trials comparing $0.5 or ,0.5 servings of total red meat/d. Heterogeneity: t 2 = 0.011, x 2 = 6.62, df = 38 (P = 0.001), I 2 = 85%.…”

Opportunities and Implications of Pasture‐Based Lamb Fattening to Enhance the Long‐Chain Fatty Acid Composition in Meat

“…Although α‐linolenic acid is the most common n ‐3 fatty acid in food, and is mainly derived from higher plants, its longer‐chain counterparts eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n ‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n ‐3), have been given much attention due to their biological potency and claims that they are beneficial to health (Simopoulos ). Fish is considered the main dietary source of EPA and DHA (Wolmarans and others ), but studies have also demonstrated that red meat is an alternative source of EPA and DHA (Ponnampalam and others 2014a, b). Although reports suggest that foods containing moderate levels of EPA and DHA are beneficial to human health, global standards associated with these claims vary.…”

Hype or Reality: Should Patients with Metabolic Syndromerelated NAFLD be on the Hunter-Gatherer (Paleo) Diet to Decrease Morbidity?

“…Despite the increased cholesterol intake (HG cholesterol intake is estimated at 480 mg/day, nearly 200 mg/day higher than recommendations), the main source of cholesterol is lean meat and fish, which have anti-atherogenic properties [3,16]. There is no evidence, until now, that lean meat (similar to wild game) intake corresponding to the levels in the average HG diet has adverse health consequences.…”