Effects of a reduced-glycemic-load diet on body weight, body composition, and cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight and obese adults

Maki, Kevin C.; Rains, Tia M.; Kaden, Valerie N; Raneri, Kathleen R; Davidson, Michael

doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.3.724

Cited by 89 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 46 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Concerning the effects of GL on body composition, little information is currently available because most trials of dietary GL have reported only changes in body weight [1,2,[4][5][6]8]. One short-term study detected a non-significant trend toward a relative increase in nitrogen accretion in individuals consuming a LG diet compared to a HG diet [15], a finding consistent with a study in animals indicating relatively greater fat mass and lesser FFM after consumption of a HG diet compared [27] to a LG diet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Both total carbohydrate and carbohydrate type (as quantified by the GL and GI, respectively) have been studied for their effects on hunger and satiety [42][43][44][45], and weight loss and prevention of weight gain [5][6][7]10,46]. Single-meal and other shortterm studies generally document beneficial effects of low carbohydrate diets and low GI diets on hunger and satiety [43,44], but most longer-term studies have reported no significant difference in weight loss or weight regain [5][6][7]10]. Given the ongoing lack of consensus in this area, we evaluated the effects of HG and LG diets on metabolic adaptation and body composition change, reasoning that a finding of differences in these parameters could contribute to the ongoing debate about optimal carbohydrate intake for long-term weight control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The question of whether low glycemic index (GI) or low glycemic load (LG) diets facilitate greater weight loss and prevention of weight regain remains controversial, with some studies reporting benefits compared to high glycemic load (HG) diets [1][2][3][4][5] and other studies finding no such effect [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Further information on the effects of dietary GI and glycemic load (GL) on parameters related to long-term weight loss success is thus needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Long - Term Effects of Energy-Restricted Diets Differing in Glycemic Load on Metabolic Adaptation and Body Composition*

Das¹,

Gilhooly²,

Golden³

et al. 2008

TONUTRJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A randomized controlled trial of high glycemic load (HG) and low glycemic load (LG) diets with food provided for 6 months and self-administered for 6 additional months at 30% caloric restriction (CR) was performed in 29 overweight adults (mean±SD, age 35±5y; BMI 27.5±1.5 kg/ m 2 ). Total energy expenditure (TEE), resting metabolic rate (RMR), fat and fat free mass (FFM), were measured at 3, 6 and 12 months. Changes in TEE, but not changes in RMR, were greater than accounted for by the loss of FFM and fat mass (P=0.001-0.013) suggesting an adaptive response to long-term CR. There was no significant effect of diet group on change in RMR or TEE. However, in subjects who lost >5% body weight (n=26), the LG diet group had a higher percentage of weight loss as fat than the HG group (p<0.05), a finding that may have implications for dietary recommendations during weight reduction.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Long - Term Effects of Energy-Restricted Diets Differing in Glycemic Load on Metabolic Adaptation and Body Composition*

Das¹,

Gilhooly²,

Golden³

et al. 2008

TONUTRJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Diet A had the highest GL (diet records: 129 g) and diet D the lowest GL (59 g) Diet records and monitoring of 10 h glucose and insulin responses indicated that substantial contrasts in GI and GL existed between the diets. Fiber intake was substantially higher for diet B than for the other diets Diet A: weight À3.7, fat À2.8 kg; diet B: weight À4.8, fat À4.5 kg; diet C: weight À5.3, fat À4.3 kg; diet D: weight À4.4, fat À3.7 kg P ¼ 0.17 for differences in weight and P ¼ 0.08 for differences in fat mass (Maki et al, 2007) US F/M, age 18-65 waist X87 cm for women and X90 cm for men. Low GL: n ¼ 43, control diet: n ¼ 43. n ¼ 10 and 7 lost to follow-up, but all except 1 for both groups included in intention to treat for weight (last observation carried forward) 36 weeks starting with 12-24 weeks weigh loss phase followed by weight maintenance.…”

Section: Cohort Studies Of the Gi And Glmentioning

confidence: 92%

Carbohydrate intake and obesity

2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly worldwide and the importance of considering the role of diet in the prevention and treatment of obesity is widely acknowledged. This paper reviews data on the effects of dietary carbohydrates on body fatness. Does the composition of the diet as related to carbohydrates affect the likelihood of passive over-consumption and longterm weight change? In addition, methodological limitations of both observational and experimental studies of dietary composition and body weight are discussed. Carbohydrates are among the macronutrients that provide energy and can thus contribute to excess energy intake and subsequent weight gain. There is no clear evidence that altering the proportion of total carbohydrate in the diet is an important determinant of energy intake. However, there is evidence that sugar-sweetened beverages do not induce satiety to the same extent as solid forms of carbohydrate, and that increases in sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption are associated with weight gain. Findings from studies on the effect of the dietary glycemic index on body weight have not been consistent. Dietary fiber is associated with a lesser degree of weight gain in observational studies. Although it is difficult to establish with certainty that fiber rather than other dietary attributes are responsible, whole-grain cereals, vegetables, legumes and fruits seem to be the most appropriate sources of dietary carbohydrate. Keywords: obesity; diet; carbohydrate; fiber; sugar; glycemic index European Journal of Clinical Nutrition General introductionBackground The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased rapidly worldwide during recent decades, acquiring epidemic proportions in children and adults and in industrialized as well as transitional and developing countries (Popkin and Gordon-Larsen, 2004;Ogden et al., 2006). Excess adiposity increases risk of type 2 diabetes, arthritis, sleep apnea, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, various types of cancer and premature death (Willett et al., 1999). Therefore, the importance of prevention and treatment of obesity is widely acknowledged. Changes in energy storage as body fat are affected by the balance of energy intake and energy expenditure, making diet and physical activity obvious targets for interventions. Effects of dietary composition on both energy intake and energy expenditure (dietary induced thermogenesis and resting energy metabolism) are plausible, based on results from animal experiments and metabolic studies in humans (Poppitt and Prentice, 1996;Ludwig, 2002; Bray et al., 2004a, b;Halton and Hu, 2004;Slavin, 2005). Although substantial short-term weight loss can be achieved by many people, successful long-term maintenance of weight loss is much more difficult and compensatory physiological processes appear to stimulate weight regain (Hirsch et al., 1998). Effects on body weight found in shortterm metabolic studies can therefore not be readily extrapolated to long-term effects. This overview will present evi...

show abstract

“…Diets rich in foods with a high glycaemic index have been associated with an increased risk of diabetes [73], heart disease [74,75], and obesity [76,77], and there are ongoing studies linking diets with a high glycaemic index with age-related macular degeneration [78], ovulatory infertility [79], and colorectal cancer [80]. In this context, energy-restricted diets with a lower glycaemic index can improve energy adaptation during obesity treatment, favouring weight loss and improving lipid (total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol) and glycaemic (insulin and glucose) profiles [81].…”

Section: Diet and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mediterranean food pattern: a good recipe for patients with the metabolic syndrome

Amezaga

Zulet

Marti

et al. 2008

Mediterr J Nutr Metab

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The metabolic syndrome is a complex condition characterized by dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure, impaired glucose tolerance and abdominal fat accumulation. Subjects with the metabolic syndrome are at high risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. A comprehensive approach is required for patients suffering this cluster of clinical manifestations. Indeed, subjects with the metabolic syndrome could benefit from life-style modifications, particularly through exercise and diet. In this article, the evidence regarding the role of diet, in particular the role of food patterns based on the Mediterranean-style diet, in preventing and treating the metabolic syndrome are reviewed. Keywords Mediterranean diet · Metabolic syndrome · Diet IntroductionThere are many definitions of the metabolic syndrome, being still a matter of debate ( Table 1). The metabolic syndrome has its origins in 1923 when Kylin described a syndrome involving hypertension, hyperglycaemia and hyperuricaemia [1]. Later, Vague in 1947 linked abdominal obesity to metabolic abnormalities (i.e. diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout and calculi) [2]. In 1967, Avogaro et al. described six obese patients with diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, and marked hypertriglyceridaemia, all of whom improved on a hypocaloric and low-carbohydrate diet [3]. In the 1970s, Phillips suggested associations of aging, obesity and sex hormone-associated clinical manifestations with heart disease [4,5]. In the late 1980s, Reaven proposed insulin resistance as the critical factor and coined the name syndrome-X [6].However, the most extensive definitions were established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATPIII). In these definitions an enhanced cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio is considered a factor in the metabolic syndrome as well as elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, abdominal obesity and elevated levels of several inflammatory markers [7,8]. In 2005 the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) emphasized abdominal obesity as the initiating factor in metabolic syndrome [9]. Although the definition of the metabolic syndrome makes little difference to prognosis [10,11], the IDF definition appears to be the most useful in clinical practice and considers different ethnic-related definitions of obesity.Each of the abnormalities promotes atherosclerosis independently, but the clustering of risk factors signifi- cantly reduces the quality of life [12] and increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Indeed, the metabolic syndrome has been associated with an approximate twofold increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a European population [13]. The risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is significantly higher among people with metabolic syndrome [14] even in the absence of baseline health conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes [15].The INTER...

show abstract

Effects of a reduced-glycemic-load diet on body weight, body composition, and cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight and obese adults

Abstract: These findings provide evidence that an ad libitum RGL diet is a reasonable alternative to a low-fat, portion-controlled eating plan for weight management.

Cited by 89 publications

References 46 publications

Long - Term Effects of Energy-Restricted Diets Differing in Glycemic Load on Metabolic Adaptation and Body Composition*

Long - Term Effects of Energy-Restricted Diets Differing in Glycemic Load on Metabolic Adaptation and Body Composition*

Carbohydrate intake and obesity

The Mediterranean food pattern: a good recipe for patients with the metabolic syndrome

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About